Indian Curries Essay

Indian curries are, with no doubt, a famous part of cuisine to be found almost everywhere around the world. They are popular for their great taste and wide variety. It is no wonder then to find restaurant and other forms of eateries specializing in Indian cuisine. An Indian cuisine is not complete without the curry. In fact, the word curry is synonymous with Indian cuisine. Apart from the variety and great taste of Indian curries, they also have tantalizing colors that are appealing to the eye. There is a misconception about the Indian curries that is held by the public, especially American public. Many people think that they are always spicy. This is not the case. Some curries have sour flavors, and even sweet in some cases. It is not true that curry powder is the only ingredient of curry food in India. There are other ingredients like pepper, chillies and others. However, it is true that spices are a central part of Indian curry dishes, but not the sole component. This paper is going briefly look at the historical background of Indian curry. The different types of Indian curries will also be analyzed. The writer will also analyze the incorporation of Indian curry in American cuisine, and the popularity of this curry amongst the American public. Indian Curries: A Brief Background When the word curry is used in the Indian context, it refers to sauce (Panjabi, 2006). As such, any kind of Indian food that is accompanied by a sauce is referred to as a curry. Curries in India are used as a side dish, meaning that they accompany other meals like rice, chicken or lamb (Sanmugam, 2003). On the other hand, curry powder is a combination of various spices. These will include turmeric, coriander and other powders like chillies and ginger. The term curry is derived from a word that is found in the southern Indian community of Tamil (Panjabi, 2006). This community used the word â€Å"kari† to describe the same kind of dish that Indians refer to as curry (Panjabi, 2006). Curries have a very long history in the Indian culture. By the year 3000 B. C. , most of the ingredients of curry powder were to be found in Indian farms (Raghavan, 2006). These include turmeric and pepper. Also, mustard and cardamom were to be found in these farms. It is important to note that these were the basic ingredients of curry powder, meaning that this powder existed that early in this civilization. But the earliest evidence of a recipe that can be described as curry dish appeared much later. This is the period around 1700 B. C (Raghavan, 2006). It was in form of a meat dish that was accompanied with a spicy sauce, the hall mark of Indian curry (Raghavan, 2006). This was found in Mesopotamia, and it was a recipe written on tablets. Archeologists and other analyst of the early civilizations contend that this dish was an offer to the Marduk God (Raghavan, 2006). Curry became a component of British cuisine in the late 18th century (Peterson, 2007). It was brought to this land by merchant ships sailing from India. The first recipe for what we refer to as â€Å"curry† today appeared in 1747 in Britain (Peterson, 2007). It was composed by Hannah Glasse. This was in her book â€Å"Glasse’s Art of Cookery† (Peterson, 2007). Before 1780, curry could be found in some restaurants in the city of London. Curry powder, the chief ingredient of curry dish in India, is made by combining at least a dozen spices. This combination is referred to by the Indians as garam masala (Hayden, 2009). This combination is used in the Indian curry dish to bring out the distinct flavor and taste that is associated with Indian cuisine, as well as to add to the tantalizing flavor. Early Indian curry dishes did not contain peppers. This is because peppers were not grown in India at that time. They only came to be incorporated into the dish after the Indians started trading with merchants who had access to red and chili peppers (Panjabi, 2006). Curry dish can be varied to cater for the need of vegetarians as well as the meat lovers. Types of Indian Curries  These are the type of curry dishes that can be found in restaurants of nowadays that specialize in Indian cuisine. The dishes, together with the accompanying recipe, originated from India and her environs, but are sometimes adapted to fit to the local environment. For example, beef is not used by Indians in their cuisines, as it is against the Hindu religion. However, one tends to find Indian curry accompanying beef in most contemporary restaurants in our society. Rogan Josh The chief ingredient of this curry dish is lamb (Panjabi, 2006). The spices in this dish are moderate. The dish has its roots in the cuisine that is practiced in the Kashmir. This is especially the northern region of this country (Panjabi, 2006). To spice it up, the chef uses conspicuous amounts of dried red chillies. This gives it its characteristic deep crimson color. Fresh tomatoes are also used. The tomatoes are accompanied by a dash of coriander. Jalfrezi This is another Indian curry dish that is moderately spiced, lacking the distinctive hot taste that many people like to associate with Indian cuisine (Hayden, 2009). The curry sauce is composed mainly of tomatoes. They are stir fried, then garnished with sweet pepper (Hayden, 2009). The individual can add more peppers to make the curry sauce hotter, instead of its original flavor of slightly sweet. This sauce can then accompany other dishes like fish with rice and bread. Vindaloo This dish will perhaps give the consumer the envisioned image of Indian curries. It is a very fiery curry that has conspicuous amounts of red peppers and vinegar (Hayden, 2009). This dish is not native to India. It came with the Portuguese who colonized this country. This was in the late 1400’s (Hayden, 2009). Originally, this dish was a combination of wine and garlic. Today, cardamom and mustard seeds can be used to add to the distinct hot taste of the sauce. Dopiaza These curry dish is based on onions. First, onions are browned. Then the chef will add ginger and garlic. These are the three main components of the sauce (Hayden, 2009). After this sauce is prepared, it is then combined with the beef, fish, chicken, lamb or any other kind of meat that the person desires. It is moderately dry. The above are just some of the common curry dishes that are to be found in our society. It is an indication of how Indian curries have influenced contemporary food preparation and habits in America. This can be gauged by the number of Indian restaurants that are to be found around the cities. Each city has at least three Indian restaurants (Raghavan, 2006). Though the dishes are of Indian origin, it is important to note that the restaurants serve both Indian and non-Indian clientele. Importance of Indian Curries Food serves a number of functions in the human society. It is not only used to satisfy the hunger pangs of the individual, but can also be out into a myriad of other many uses. For example, food can be used as a means of socialization, whereby people meet and socialize over a plate of food or a cup of tea. Food can also be used for cultural practices, for example when it is used by Indians as offerings to their gods. Indian curries serve these purposes and many others. However, the notable benefit of Indian curries is to be found in their use as medicinal agents. Indian curries have been known to fight common illnesses like Alzheimer and cancer. This is perhaps the reason why there are less cases of Alzheimer in India and her neighboring societies. For the curries to have the desired medicinal value, the chef is advised to use fresh ingredients, as opposed to the processed ingredients like curry powder found in many supermarket shelves today. Caraway seed is one of the oldest ingredients of Indian spices (Sanmugam, 2003). These seeds contain limonene oil (Sanmugam, 2003). This is very useful in boosting the individual’s immunity system. It also helps in soothing dry and itchy skin. This oil has been known to relieve many conditions, especially after been combined with olive oil. These include bronchitis and eye infections (Sanmugam, 2003). When used in food, this spice helps lactating mothers to produce more milk for the child. It can also be used to contain oral infections like halitosis. Cardamom pod is another very useful ingredient of Indian curry. It contains cineole (Peterson, 2007). This is a potent antioxidant. It boosts the immune system. It also detoxifies one’s liver. People who consume curry containing this spice regularly have been known to have reduced risks of getting cancer, especially stomach cancer (Peterson, 2007). It is also known to fight asthma and can be used to fight bad breath. Clove contains elements that are also of medicinal value. It has eugenol, another form of an antioxidant agent (Peterson, 2007). It relieves toothache and sore throat. Fennel seeds are also very helpful. They have antioxidant which helps in fighting infections like cancer. Anethole is one antioxidant contained in these seeds. Kaempferol and rutin are other antioxidants of the same seeds. Turmeric root contains curcuma. This is what gives it the signature orange taint. It is an antioxidant and a pain killer. Conclusion Indian curries have a very long history in the Indian civilization. The ingredients of curry powder were cultivated in this society three millennia before the birth of Christ. This is an indication that they were probably used in these times. Indian curries have greatly influenced the cuisine of contemporary western societies. This can be gauged by the profusion of Indian restaurants in the country. Indian curry can accompany a number of dishes, and the preparations and ingredients of this curry vary from one place to the other. Like any other form of food, Indian curry can be put into several uses apart from the conventional one of satisfying hunger. The writer noted the medicinal use of this curry, an indication of its popularity.

Corporate Social Responsibility and branding Essay

1. Introduction In this chapter the background of the thesis will be presented and discussed. Moreover, a literature review, research problem and research questions will be introduced in order to get an understanding of the study purpose. This is followed by the limitations and disposition. 1.1 Background The companies of today are very aware of what the public and other stakeholders demand from the companies ´ way of handle their responsibilities (Burchell, 2008). In order to form a strategy for the protection of their brand image and reputation many companies find themselves engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility activities (Kotler and Lee 2005), from now on abbreviated CSR. The desire of doing well and doing good in the society in which the company is operating have been of increasing interest world wide during the last decade. As a result, corporate reporting on social responsibility initiatives can more often be found in companies ´ marketing strategies (Kotler and Lee, 2005). Even though CSR activities are increasing among today ´s organizations there is still lack of a general universally definition of this concept (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). But in a broad perspective CSR is understood and described as the way companies integrate social, economic and environmental matters into their internal organization (values, culture, decision making and strategy), which leads to establishment of better society, wealth and better practices within the company (Horrigan, 2010). Considering the breadth of CSR it can subsequently be described in many different names: corporate responsibility, corporate sustainability, corporate accountability, corporate citizenship, sustainable development etc (Benn and Bolton, 2011). In a shorter explanation, CSR can therefore be explained as the relationship between a corporation and its stakeholder (Crowther and Capaldi, 2008). Already in 1972 the American professor in Business Administration, Dow Votaw, stated that the amount pages on social responsibility written in our time would fill up a small library. As it turns out, he was right. CSR is here to stay. The idea of taking responsibility beyond what the law demands has increased since the millennial shift (Borglund, DeGeer and Sweet, 2012). Especially big organizations, both in the public and private sectors, are engaging in these kinds of activities (Burchell, 2008). The benefits of a company ´s usage of CSR activities can lead to a better position in the market and a positive return on investment. On top of that of course the benefits for society, such as improvement of life or a cleaner environment (Kotler and Lee, 2005). On the other hand, many view CSR mainly as a step towards a reputation as a responsible business and as good citizens (Burchell, 2008). Either how, risks by avoiding to use this concept can lead to lack of legitimacy for the organization. Meyer and Rowan (1977) also claim that when having a business it is important to be accepted and to be legitimacy in the environment as well as having effective and structured internal processes to survive. According to Grusch (2006) consumers actively scrutinize the local behavior of international companies. Their out-sourced ventures are also being observed, and information regarding possible bad behavior reaches the ears’ of the public much more quickly than it used to. Consequently, to the stakeholders’ awareness and other factors that can have an impact on a company’s survival, it is therefore important for companies to establish competitive advantage. Differentiation is a way to secure competitive advantage. By using a differentiation strategy a company ´s key strengths and core competencies builds up, and this is where CSR has an important role for a company ´s brand as it gets differentiate by incorporating it in the corporate image. This kind of action can generate to better brand attitudes and in the long run this will result in brand loyalty (Grant, 2008). 1.2 Literature review 1.3 Problem discussion As stated in the background, CSR is a burning question among today ´s companies. Stakeholders are starting to put more pressure on companies ´ responsibility in the society they are operating in, therefore, in order to get a competitive advantage CSR has become a major tool in their marketing strategy (Kotler and Lee, 2005). A branding law defined by Werther and Chandler (2005) shows that CSR will evoke attitudes towards the brand. Are these attitudes positive it will be lead to positive purchase decision and loyal customers, which give companies competitive advantage (Roper and Fill 2012). In Kotler and Lee ´s book (2005) Corporate Social Responsibility – Doing the most good for your company and your cause, they are describing examples of well-known organizations that have used CSR to increase their brand value. It has therefore been a shift focus in the CSR debate, nowadays it is more a debate of how CSR activities should be used and how effective it can be used as a branding tool, rather than if companies should use this concept or not (Smith, 2003). Based on the debate the question that arises is therefore: in what way should CSR activities be used in order to be effective for a positive attitude towards the brand? Today there are many studies relating to the area of CSR. Research does suggest there is a positive relationship between CSR and consumer attitudes towards brands and companies (Creyer and Ross 1997; Ellen, Mohr and Webb, 2000; Lacey and Kennet-Hensel, 2010). It is also shown in studies that CSR activities influence how the consumer behave when a certain brand appear in their mind (Becker-Olsen et al., 2006; Nhattacharya and Sen, 2004). However, most of these studies are focusing on people and brand perception in developed countries. The literatures were more specialized of how the CSR influences image of the brand in the western world and how the western public persuaded the brand of the CSR activities. When doing literature research, the amount of research studies about CSR in developing countries were of a narrow amount. No study could be found about CSR ´s link to branding in a developing ´s countries perspective, further, about how the locals ´ (employers of the company and the consumer in the developing country) brand perception of CSR activities are. As the real life stories in Kotler and Lee ´s book (2005) showed that CSR has an effective link to the brand. However, most of the organizations were conducting the CSR activities in the country they operated in and the society had a good knowledge of what CSR is. Likewise, a study showed that the brand would be â€Å"effected† and look different if the consumers were aware of CSR of the companies (Boulstridge and Carrigan 2000). So the question that can be asked and discussed is if it will appear an effective link to a company ´s brand in a country that is not developed? A research gap is therefore identified. If we place and conduct a study conducted in a western world in a developing country ´s context, would the outcome be the same? Would there be a similar link between CSR and branding there? 1.4 Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the link between a company ´s CSR and its branding in a developing country. Based on the purpose the following research questions will be presented: 1. What kind of CSR activities are being used to effectively increase positive attitudes towards the company ´s brand? 2. In what way is a company ´s CSR linked to its brand in the Philippines? 3. And how do these attitudes create value for the brand? 2. Methodology In this chapter the research methodology applied in this thesis will be discussed. A description regarding the method design of the study will be explained in the following order: research design, data collection, validity and reliability and data analysis. 2.1 Research approach There are three type of studies identified by Yin (2003): exploratory, explanatory and descriptive. An exploratory research design tries to define the research question and form the hypothesis. A descriptive research in the other hand, tries to describe a different characteristic of a phenomena that arises. When doing a descriptive case study the data collection is being guided by theories. When conducting the explanatory research design it is about how it explains course of events and relate how things happened (Yin, 2003). According to Yin (2003) this thesis can be seen as a descriptive research as it will focus on describing what impact CSR has on branding. When using a descriptive research the problem is structured and understood, which means that existing literature about the topic of CSR and branding (Ghauri and Gronhaug 2010). And this kind of research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain an even better knowledge of a specific topic (Gill and Johnson, 2010). Due to the research purpose, which is to investigate how CSR influences on a company ´s brand in the Philippines this research method fits the best among the three other ways. 3.2 Research design I chose case studies method, because it enhances the understanding of what is going on in a particular case and it can involve a detailed investigation (Yin, 2009). This information that is gained from case studies are therefore relevant to answer some of my problem and research questions as I want to investigate companies ´ CSR activities and observe these activities in order to understand its impact on the brand which is the data collection in my first section of the study. By a case study approach observations of a companies ´ activities can be captured, which is in a way impossible to capture through questionnaires and interviews (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010). 3.3.1 The case study In the beginning of March I will travel to the Philippines to carry on an eight weeks field study which will give me the opportunity to study some Swedish/International companies ´ CSR activities and how these activities affect their brand perception by interviewing the consumers and workers in country. The case study will therefore obtain information to fulfill my purpose. The choice of companies: The information obtained will be from companies that use CSR activities in the Philippines. In order to fill the research gap I will be aiming for to study companies with well-known CSR activities. 2.3 Data collection A qualitative method will be used in order to collect the information for this thesis. Regarding to Trost (2005) a qualitative method is described as a method where the interviewer gathers the information on the interviewee ´s feelings, thoughts and experiences. Hence, to the search of a deeper understanding of how CSR affects the brand perception, this qualitative approach fit the purpose of the thesis because it can give me a deep information regarding the employees ´ and consumers opinions and feelings towards CSR in the Philippines and the brand which is the aim of this study. 2.3.1 Qualitative interview design Semi-structures face-to-face-interview. 4.4 Validity in qualitative research â€Å"Descriptive validity refers to the degree to which the actual description holds true† (Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010 p. 210). Bias: When interviewing the respondents a â€Å"lifting† description of the brand can appear, because they have been chosen to do this certain interview about the companies’ actions. Language is the basic tool of interviewing, and may especially be important in qualitative interviewing (Kvale, 1989). The interviews will be conducted by me in English and since communication is a very important in order to get the information it can appear some small misunderstanding as English is not my mother language. But by conducting a face to face interview, the body language and face expression will increase the validity of the interviews. REFERENCES Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstrong, G. (2004). Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition. New Jersey: FT- Prentice Hall. Burchell, J. 2008. The Corporate Social Responsibility Reader. London and New York: Routledge. Kotler, P. and Lee, N. (2005)  ´Corporate Social Responsibility – Doing the Most Good for Your Company and Your Cause ´, Hoboken, New Jersey. Crowther, D. and Capaldi, N. (2008). The ashgate research companion to Corporate Social Responsibility. MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Suchman, M. C. (1995) Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches. Academy of Management Review, Vol 20;3, p 571-610. Benn, S. and Bolton, D. (2011). Key Concepts in Corporate Social Responsibility. SAGE Publications Ltd: London Werther, W.B. And Chandler, D. (2005)  ´Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility as Global Brand Insurance ´, Business Horizons 48:317-24. Boulstridge, E and Carrigan, M.†Do consumers really care about corporate responsbility? Highlighting the attitude behavior gap.† Journal of communication management, (2000): 359-360 Gill, J and Johnson, P, 2010, Research Methods for Managers 4th Edition. SAGE Publications Ltd Ghauri, P and Gronhaug, K, 2010, Research Methods in Business Studies 4th edition. Pearson Education Limited. Trost, J, 2005, Kvalitativa intervjuer. Studentlitteratur, Lund. Halvorsen, K. (1989). Samhà ¤llsvetenskaplig Metod. Oslo: Studentlitteratur AB Yin, R.K, 2009, Case Study Research – Design and Method. London: SAGE Ellen, P.S., Webb, D.J. & Mohr, L.A. (2006). Building corporate associations: consumer attributions for corporate socially responsible programs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 34 (2), 147-57. doi: 10.1177/0092070305284976 Creyer, E. H., & Ross, W. T., Jr. (1997). The influence of firm behavior on purchase intention: Do consumers really care about business ethics? Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14(6), 421–32. doi: 10.1108/07363769710185999

Fun Time

http://www. ehow. com/facts_5788552_benefits-open-campus-lunch_. html Budget * If students are allowed to leave campus and their parents' homes are nearby, students can save money on lunch and eat from home. Social Contact * Students may spend time with others who they may not see if the lunch was confined to on campus. Students can go out and eat with friends. Outside * If it's a great day outside, students can eat outdoors and enjoy the sun for a half-hour or so. This could lead to a fresh burst of energy and creativity.Independence * Open campus lunch allows the students to leave the premise of the school. This grants the student freedom to eat where he wants. Physical Activity * When students are allowed to leave campus, they can get out and stretch their legs a little more than if they were confined to a lunch room. http://www. masters. edu/undergrad/student-perspective/offcampuseats. aspx Line too long in the cafeteria and not a lot of change in your wallet? In need of a good q uick fix?There are several places in Santa Clarita that can satisfy your food cravings at an affordable price of $10 and under. Egg Plantation, Urbane Cafe, Chronic Tacos, La Cocina, Qdoba Mexican Grill, Corner Bakery, El Taco Llama, Saugus Cafe and Panera Bread are just a few of the delicious options to choose from. It all just depends on what type of food you are in the mood for. Don‘t know where they are located? Simply go to Yelp, Map Quest, or Google Maps and enter the destination. Here are a few off-campus favorites to whet your appetite: Breakfast ?Breakfast is offered at Egg Plantation, Corner Bakery, and Panera Bread. All have price ranges between $6-$10. These bakery cafes also offer a comfortable, friendly, fashionable place to study or hang out with friends. Egg Plantation in Newhall is home of 101 delicious omelets. Panera Bread and Corner Bakery not only offer breakfast, lunch, and dinner but free wire-less Internet as well. Way Station Coffee Shop and Eggs N Thi ngs are some mom and pop cafes that offer a wide variety of delectable breakfasts. Lunch/Dinner ? In the mood for Mexican food?Chronic Tacos (breakfast available), El Taco Llama, Qdoba Mexican Grill, and La Cocina Restaurant have good tasting lunch and dinner dishes that range anywhere from $5-10. The great thing about Qdoba is if you bring in a student ID then you are qualified for a free drink with your meal. Talk about a deal. Urbane Cafe is an excellent lunch or dinner stop that offer‘s some of the best sandwiches in Santa Clarita. Not only do you get a sandwich but a salad as well, both for $7. Just take a pick from their wide selection of sandwiches, soups, and salads. 4-Hour-Breakfast/Lunch/Dinner? If it is late and you are getting the munchies The Saugus Cafe is open 24 hours (Wednesday to Friday) with breakfast, lunch, and dinner all located within minutes from campus. Good service, friendly staff, a nice atmosphere, and affordable prices. That‘s what they all h ave in common. Just grab a friend and enjoy your meal. http://www. thetitanchronicle. com/editorials/2011/03/31/off-campus-lunches/ What if upperclassmen could have lunch off campus? That would be great news to 11th and 12th graders.It would mean upper-classmen would no longer be cooped up in school all-day; after all, this isn’t elementary school. We are young adults capable of handling the responsibility of leaving school. Set the bar high administrators, and if students decide not to come back, then consequences should be handed out. For example, if a student doesn’t come back to school, they would face suspension. Consider the age difference between the lower-class and the upper-class. Since the 11th graders and 12th graders have reached a certain level of maturity, they can handle eating lunch off campus.Upperclassmen are basically young adults and should continue to experience increased responsibilities so that they can become more productive members of our commu nity. Not everyone should enjoy off campus lunch; only students with good grades. Not only should upper-classmen have good grades, they should also have a good reputation with all administrators. Students allowed the privilege of eating off campus must be doing well in school. Just like in sports, if you have two failing grades you can’t play, well, if you have two failing grades, you can’t eat out off school grounds.School comes first for every student and needing to do well in order to eat off campus could influence some low achieving students to do better in class. There also should be record on who goes in and out of school, since keeping track of students who leave school grounds is a concern. The remedy is to have a sign in sheet. If students did not sign in and out, then suspension or other consequences would be doled out. The object is not to give students a chance to have extra free time or skip classes but to have them do something different and enjoy their s chool lunch at the same time.

Financial strengths and weaknesses of fashion design enterprises in Essay

Financial strengths and weaknesses of fashion design enterprises in Italy - the threat from China and the opportunities - Essay Example China entered the market shyly, a small nibble at the market but grew into a solid business. China flooded Europe with low cost shirts, pants, underwear, socks and shoes. But how can Chinese manufacturers of low cost product threat high fashion of Italy? Ultra-cheap clothes, welcomed by consumers and retailers, undermine the fashion manufacturers, already challenged by the arrival of fast-fashion chains such as H&M and Zara, whose products are often made in the Far East. As Li Edelkoort, the respected fashion forecaster, warns, the Chinese whirlwind will flatten the fashion world as we know it and change radically its familiar landscape. â€Å"Everyone is putting eggs in one basket - China - and that is potentially devastating for our cultural heritage." (Menkes 2005) While producers are struggling to keep underpriced clothes from flooding the Italian market, designer label brands are waging another battle - against imitations, or "knockoffs" as they are known in the trade. (Italian designers 2005) Most of fakes come China or other Asian countries with the low labor costs and no concern for social services, welfare and pollution control. Chinese products are dirty cheap. They underestimate the products to the level of prices for food. Some do not see a tragedy in this situation. What Italian companies need is to be flexible, creative, innovative. Their weapons are know-how and deeply felt luxury. Another opportunity which Italian companies can employ to their benefit is the size of the companies.

Futures Complete Featured Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Futures Complete Featured Software - Essay Example It can be termed as a process of creating an incomplete model for future’s complete featured software. The process includes identification of the basic requirements, developing initial prototypes, gather reviews of the customers, revise and enhance. Prototyping is mostly exercised in projects where risk is involved. The aim is to eliminate an element of any serious risk in the project. The processing methodology is mostly used when a rapid development is essential. It will solve many issues related to the software and the end users. This usually engages interviews involving a number of users from all the departments or phases of the existing system. If there is any misunderstanding between the end user and the customer is present, all of them are exposed. It will help in finding the missing services and will help us to identify the confusing services. A system is available early on in the process. It serves to provide the foundation for deriving a working system specification. User Interface (UI) that can support end user’s training and testing of the software at the same time. That will enable us in developing software according to our needs and requirements completely. Quicker user feedback leads to the better solution. Along with the development our end using staff would be given a training session as well. Some of the problems that I think we could face are insufficient analysis. This can lead to ignore enhanced solutions, preparation of incomplete specifications or the conversion of limited prototypes into poorly engineered final projects that are hard to maintain. The user may have some confusion regarding the finished system as they may think that this is a prototype and actual system would be more refined one. In this methodology, the developer could misunderstand the user’s objective.

Knowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Technology Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology Guide - Essay Example Business tools like Indix, Connect Multichannel, Retail Connect and Robin e-commerce customer service. The most advanced of the tools that I recommend are Indix and Connect Multichannel, which can be integrated with Retail Connect. Indix software solution is available on-line at www.indix.com. The solutions that can be realized by using indix software are; real-time inclusion of product pricing, availability of the products, other channels where the products can be located, competition attributes and an assortment of the products. The software can be acquired as a mobile application or an API that can be directly integrated with the golf shop. The API has advanced functions that will benefit the golf shop. The search function of the API returns names of stores with product and IDs, product brand names and product suggestions in the same category (Indix, 2015). The advanced search of the software will return detailed catalog information of the product from all the stores where it is s old. It also returns the price information from the across all the stores offering the product. Finally, the software will provide information on all the prices the product was sold at in the past month. Connect Multichannel and Retail Connect are provided by the www.intelligentretail.co.uk website. The software can be implemented separately of as one bundle into the golf shop. The software offers a central place for stock control, advanced reporting on sales and product details from different channels (Intelligence Retail, 2015). The software also has an inbuilt functionality that automatically connects to Amazon; eBay and Google Products Connect. It will allow the golf shop to sells its products through the more trusted channels like Amazon and Ebay. This will eventually increase the sales of products from the golf

Comparison between Russian and German Revolutions Essay

Comparison between Russian and German Revolutions - Essay Example However, both of the events lasted for very few years only and ended in fiasco eventually without achieving the targets and goals on the foundations of which the revolts had been raised by the revolutionaries. The following lines aim to discuss the chronicle of incidents leading towards the revolution along with the aftermath of these great events of the world history. The Paper Russian Revolution: Aptly stated as the Bolshevik or October Revolution 1917, the Russian revolution was actually the outcome of the prevailing despotism, nepotism, poverty, social inequality and suppression of the haves-not at the hands of the haves in the early twentieth century Russia. Consequently, the revolution was entirely socialistic in nature that took place on the Marxist-Leninist principles of justice, freedom and equality. Hence, the revolution had essentially been planned and structured against the prevailing socioeconomic discrimination, injustices and inequalities under the imperialist Russian political structure. The despotism, according to the revolutionaries, had patronized the malpractices and exploitation of the deprived strata by the cruel elite stratum. Although the entire Europe had witnessed the same social scheme under despotic rulers, yet the improvements could be witnessed in the western and central parts of the continent after the advent of famous 18th century French Revolution. However, being a separate and farther zone of Europe, Russia could not witness any uplift in the socioeconomic lot of the masses, and her situation was almost similar to that of 18th century France. Consequently, poverty, slavery, serfdom and class discrimination existed in Russia at their full swing even after one and half century of the advent of Industrial Revolution of 1750. The Russian subjects were bound to lead the life of misery, deprivation and lawlessness under Czarsi, where the oily-tongued flatterer courtiers and opportunists like Rasputin and others could have access thro ugh unfair means and nasty activities. â€Å"Under pressure from richer Europe the Russian State swallowed up a far greater relative part of the people’s wealth than in the West, and thereby not only condemned the people to a twofold poverty, but also weakened the foundations of the possessing classes.† (Trotsky 1930, 3) 1 Marxist perspective also played an important part in accelerating the pace of revolution in Russia. Karl Marx (1817-1883) had presented his social conflict theory during the later part of nineteenth century, through which he had communicated to the downtrodden members of society the message of organized struggle for obtaining their rights on the foundations of the hard efforts they made while working in the agricultural fields as well as in industrial zones from dawn to dusk, against which they attainted almost nothing. Marx was of the opinion that the workers, laborers and peasants consumed considerable period of time and energies, but the industria lists and feudal enjoyed lion’s share in the profit of the product. Hence, there was urgent need of the revising of contract between the owners and workers in order to avoid bloody conflict between the two. If the contract freely entered into by the vendors of money in the form of wages and the vendors of their own labor that is, between the employer and the workers were concluded not for a definite and limited term only, but for one’

Leadership and darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and darwin - Essay Example Indeed, human beings are known to be highly adaptable to their external environment so as to optimize their success within the given paradigm of work environment. In the highly competitive business of contemporary times, the workforce continuously strives to creatively evolve skills and strategies that would optimize the intended output. The organizational culture that facilitates learning environment and promote shared learning is able to gain competitive advantage. It helps the workers with wider scope to improve his skills and core competencies for improved performance outcome. Thus change is not an inherent part of development but also serves as vital input for motivating people to adapt to challenging environment. Most interestingly, Darwin’s theory becomes critical ingredient of organizational leadership. Leadership primarily refers to people who are able to bring about changes within the society. Indeed, effective leaders are able to inspire people to adopt more accommo dating approach to changing dynamics of environment. The inherent traits of leaders are important paradigms that support Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

The image is a parallel picture Essay Example for Free

The image is a parallel picture Essay As part of our Drama Portfolio we were asked to study the play Blood Brothers and re-enact parts of the production. Firstly, as a class we read the play/novel of Blood Brothers written by Willy Russell. The play is basically about two brothers, both separated from birth. One child was given away to a middle/upper class family and the other was kept in the natural family of a lower class. The two brothers meet up and become blood brothers by the joining of their blood, both not knowing they are real brothers. Numerous encounters put the boys in trouble and bring them closer together until an event whereupon they become estranged. Mickey Johnstone(the poorer of the pair) shoots Eddie Lyons (the richer man) following an argument about the woman, Linda, who is married to Mickey. Mickey discovers that Linda and Eddie have been conducting an affair without him knowing. The play is set in the heart of Liverpool. Mickey is a typical Liverpudlian and is attracted to the upper class lifestyle that Eddie leads. Eddie is also attracted to Mickey by the cool words and funny nature of the boy. Eddie likes the funny stories that Mickey tells and when they first meet he laughs for hours after listening to the witty but not always true tales. I enjoyed the play as it was enthralling and exciting in most places and therefore gave us the opportunity to re-enact this and pick up on the play acting in some sections of the play. We could elaborate and give good understanding of the scenes, but in small groups. To begin, we were given four still images to create entirely ourselves. All are listed below, explained and diagrammed fully. The first still image was respectably named CLASS SYSTEM. We named it, as it was basically about how people are treated when they are classed in certain money brackets. Three people are sat down in comfy armchairs whilst the cleaner is scrubbing the floor. All three upper classed people are busy reading newspapers, the cleaner is scrubbing the floor with her nails whilst being used as a footrest for all three upper class people. Following is a picture/diagram of how it actually looked: The picture shows that the cleaner is angry, depressed and basically deflated after they demand that she clean up after them. The three upper class persons however, look more angry and all seem to be looking down their noses at her. This shows how people are placed into different classes and only communicate with their friends or the people in the same class. The cleaner sees her work as grovelling, but she knows it is a job and needs the money. All of these pointers could be seen when the still image was watched and thought about. The second still image was given the title DIFFERENCE OF OPPORTUNITY. This basically means if people are generally brought up into wealth then they will live up to it and make something of their life, also they have to prove themselves to their parents and become someone who others look up to. If they are brought up into a poor family with no wealth then they have nothing to look up to and therefore become aggressive and turn to graffiti and drugs. However it also shows that both can mingle and become friends and can become either uplifted and get a good job or downgraded and go off the rails. The still image shows four people in parallel worlds, two leaving for school neatly dressed and the other two untidy. The two that want their education, laugh at the jokes made by others and basically enjoy their schooling. The other two are however the ones who make noises at the back of the class and tell the jokes but do not cherish their teenage years and make something of their life. They will become one of those older brothers who can do really cool things but generally know very little, perhaps hurting inside due to the fact they need the dole office to finance themselves, but can not keep a job if they are given one. Following is the second still image: The third still image is called DOES MONEY BRING YOU HAPPINESS. Generally it means that friends and company are better than money and no friends. Basically showing that you can be happy with or without a lot of money. However most people would rather have at least one person to share the money with and confide in. If you do not have the friends you cannot generally enjoy yourself or you can enjoy yourself but only until the money runs out. As the old poem states about Magpies- One for sorrow and two for joy A true friend sticks by you no matter what. They need not have money to be happy. Below is the still image: This basically shows three paupers scavenging for money and food. However, they have each other to confide in and can have a laugh together. The rich person on the right has a great amount of money and seems to be looking down at the poorer scavengers. In reality it is actually the other way round. The rich person would give his money to have friends and be happy, as he knows that one day his money will run out. The fourth still image is understandably named SCHOOL. It is basically about four children in school. Two children care about the school life and two despise it. The image is a parallel picture. This basically means that the two people on one side of the parallel image do not know of the relevance of the two on the other side of the image. The two on one side of the image are well-educated children brought up well with good discipline where it is needed. These two people have their hands up desperately seeking attention and trying to get in the teachers good books. The other two are also seeking attention but in different ways, they are trying to be the class clowns and make people laugh. In the future though, they are not going to get a superb job and will probably be signing on for unemployment benefits at the dole office. However they do not think that far ahead and want hits basically amongst the class. Below is the still image picture: Overall I think our still images were very teaching, touching and educational. Although a few were very similar they all told a different story. Some taught about how people are treated in different class systems i. e. poor to rich. Others taught how friends are worth more than money. All however were teaching a different story. Response phase part two In this section we devised a scene that showed the lives of Mickey and Eddie before they met and then during their friendship/brotherhood together. It shows what they have been through together throughout their lives. The scene starts out with Mickey (Simon) being in jail and Eddie (Liam) getting prepared to visit Mickey in jail. Eddie advances slowly towards Mickey and says I remember the days that we all met, They then point at each other to show that a flashback is about to occur. The flashback now shows Eddie and Mickey meeting for the first time. Adam and Charlotte both play the two characters in this section of the flashback. They engage in a conversation about each other. Mickey asks for a sweet and is given a few. Mickey now asks if Eddie is soft.

Cannabis Use in Young People

Cannabis Use in Young People INTRODUCTION Cannabis, also known as Marijuana or weed is a commonly used illegal substance in the United Kingdom (UK) today even among persons under the age of 18 research shows (Rcpsych.ac.uk, 2017) Presently, young people in the UK are likely to smoke cannabis as cigarettes which impacts negatively on their mental health and the community at large. Peer pressure to use drugs especially cannabis is high among young persons and its continuous use increases the risk or probability of them experiencing mental health symptoms and disorders. (Dearden, 2017). Hence the need to educate young persons about the detrimental impact cannabis and other illicit drugs can have on their health. The target audience for the leaflet designed as part of this assignment is adolescents (young persons aged 12 18). RATIONALE Young persons use of cannabis or weed is on the ascendancy even though it is a harmful illegal substance. This group of people have no true knowledge of what it contains as they buy them from drug dealers and those addicted to it risk getting physical health and emotional wellbeing issues such as poor concentration, slow reaction times, panic attacks, mood swings and isolating themselves from friends and family (JOHNS, 2001). There is the need to create awareness about the dangers of cannabis to adolescents in the UK and how it affects their mental health to reduce the risks it may pose to their health and wellbeing and to deter them from using it.   About 60,000 people suffer from mental health problems which are caused by weed in the UK (The Sun, 2016). This causes more admissions to mental health facilities, causes more distress and has negative cost implications on health services (The Sun, 2016) thus making it a significant public health issues that needs to be addressed. The more people especially adolescents who use cannabis realize the need for them to quit, the better it will be for the society as a whole; there will be a reduction in drug related crime and accidents, poor human relations associated with its use will be reduced, and a healthier and happier life for all. PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE AMONG ADOLESCENTS Adolescents in the UK are more likely to have tried cannabis or are regular users of cannabis. Almost 40% of adolescents revealed they had tried cannabis and other illicit substances, the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) revealed. (EPHA, 2017) Another survey, by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, revealed that among15 year olds in the UK, two in five have used cannabis. These statistics could mean that parents or adults in the UK are setting a bad example for their children in relation to cannabis use because young persons are likely to emulate the behavior of the adults they live with. It could also mean that some adolescents do not have the willpower to say no to cannabis and other illicit substances or try it out of curiosity and end up becoming addicted in the end. The use of cannabis occasionally leads to an increase in social adjustment and skills in young persons. However, regular or heavy use of cannabis at an early age is associated with numerous negative outcomes such as poor physical and mental health, having unprotected sex, and dropping out of school. 20,032 adolescents were treated for drug (including cannabis 68%) related health problems during 2012 2013. This proves that cannabis is the most frequently used illegal substance, with 15.8% having used it in the last year (around 975,000 young persons). (DrugWise, 2017) Despite these health problems posed by cannabis use, herbal cannabis seems to pose less harm as compared to other illicit substances but long term use of strong cannabis (skunk) could lead to later developing mental health problems like schizophrenia. GOVERNMENT POLICIES TO DISCOURAGE THE USE OF CANNABIS AND OTHER DRUGS 2010   policy: drug misuse and dependency This paper comes up with strategies for helping young persons from becoming drug misusers. It places importance on encouraging adolescents to live healthy lives and making them know the dangers of drugs misuse of which cannabis is included. It goes on to suggest drug services to adolescents early enough if they do encounter drug problems. The strategies are as follows: supporting children in the early years of their life so that we reduce the risk of them engaging in risky behaviour (like misusing cannabis) later in life. providing accurate information on drugs and alcohol through drug education. making it easier for school authorities to take action against pupils who are found dealing drugs in school. through the Business Rates Retention Scheme (which includes what was the Early Intervention Grant), giving  £2 billion to local councils, between 2014 and 2015, which they can use to create programmes to help prevent young people misusing drugs in the first place. helping young persons who have problems with drugs by giving them treatment and support, including supporting them in other areas of their life (for example with housing or mental health problems), so that they dont return to drug use as a way of coping with these problems. The 2016 drug strategy gives us an opportunity to finally address the deficits in access to mental health services, jobs and homes, which have undermined the recovery aspirations of the 2010 strategy. The strategy successfully reframed the treatment system around recovery as an organising principle. The balance between ambition and evidence established a new consensus about best practice, steering clinicians to use opiate substitution therapy (OST) to provide a gateway to recovery for everyone who could take advantage of this opportunity. It also gave a secure place to build motivation and capacity to change for those not yet able to take the next step. This enabled the treatment system to promote recovery at the same time as continuing to deliver crime reduction and public health benefits. THE TARGET GROUP The target group for this resource is: Adolescents (young people aged between 12 and 18). Male and female Living in the UK Attending school and living at home with parents or guardian. Users of cannabis or those thinking of experimenting cannabis. This group of people living in the UK are very vulnerable in our society. They lack a sense of direction from parents (who may be cannabis users themselves) (Hidden Harm, 2003), guardians in care settings who have limited powers to prevent the young people in their care from being introduced to cannabis use or addiction and are also at high risk of exposure to cannabis use because they want to make friends or feel accepted amongst their peers who may be habitual users. It is often very difficult for them to say no or reject the use of cannabis because they have no basic knowledge about cannabis or are not informed of the short and long term effects it may have on their mental health and body. Also, those already addicted to cannabis are at greater risk due to their possible increase in preference of stronger versions of cannabis which could trigger psychosis. The leaflet therefore provides an easy to read, handy information and facts about cannabis to young persons and provides reaso ns why they must avoid/stop its usage, the side effects of cannabis and the benefits of quitting the habit of smoking cannabis. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS In designing the leaflet, careful consideration was taken to make it attractive and readable by adolescents or young persons aged around 11 years. (http://www.literacytrust.org.uk) The words QUIT SMOKING WEED is written in bold to catch the attention of the reader who sets eyes on it. Also, there is a smaller writing in red asking if cannabis users know that quitting is good for their health? There is also a cannabis leaf with a stop symbol on it printed on the front page. Different shades of green were used to design the leaflet mainly because cannabis is herbal based and it is green in its leafy form. Weed is also written in the colour representing the dry form of cannabis that is usually smoked.   The other bright colours used are colours known to attract the attention of young persons and this is aimed at catching the attention of that age group who prefer to scan through leaflets and it is hoped that they may go on to read the entire information provided. (Ecolourprint.co.uk, 2017) Cartoon images are also attractive to young persons hence the images on the inside page of the leaflet which depicts a young person, with other little images which symbolize the changes the body goes through when one smokes cannabis or the possible physical and mental health state of a cannabis user. REFLECTION/CRITIQUE Some positives about the design of the leaflet are: Cheap and easy to produce It does consist of relevant information about cannabis for adolescents and the health benefits of quitting its use. Does not take much time to read Knowledge or message it contains can be easily shared with family and friends. It reinforces information out there regarding the laws governing cannabis use and its potential effects on ones mental health. The design of the leaflet also has some drawbacks: Unless the picks it up to read, it could remain unused. It can easily be misplaced or lost. It may do more harm than good when the target audience decide to experiment rather than the message deterring them from cannabis use. It could have been produced in other formats for those who are visually impaired etc. CONCLUSION Messages about drug usage and its harmful side effects on its user, the society, the environment and the world at large sent to adolescents and the general public must be clear and consistent. (www.official-documents.gov.uk) Adolescents, their parents and guardians, must take the necessary steps to refrain from cannabis use and tackle problems related to cannabis use. Help, advice and support must be made available and accessible in ways that are sensitive to an individuals age and circumstances, and attempts must be made to reach and help vulnerable people who have a high risk of developing severe mental health related and public health problems. Prevention should start early, with broad life-skills approaches at primary school, and built on over time with appropriate programs for young people as they grow older through youth work, peer approaches, training and wider community support. The aim is for approaches to be better integrated nationally and locally. (DrugWise, 2017). More Rehab clinics and therapy centers should be opened in local communities with high usage of cannabis and other illicit drugs to make it easier for drug abusers to seek professional help to quit.

Invisible Man Essay: Self-Identity in Invisible Man -- Invisible Man E

Self-Identity in Invisible Man      Ã‚  Ã‚   In the novel, Invisible Man, the main character carries around a briefcase throughout the entire story. All of the possessions that he carries in that briefcase are mementos from learning experiences. Throughout the novel, the Invisible Man is searching for his identity and later discovers that his identity is in those items. As the narrator is leaving Mary's house for the Brotherhood, he sees a Negro-doll bank in his room. He is angry that the doll is holding a sign that read, "Feed me." "For a second I stopped, feeling hate charging up within me, then dashed over and grabbed it, suddenly as enraged by the tolerance of lack of discrimination, or whatever, that allowed Mary to keep such a self-mocking image around" (Ellison 319). The shattering of the bank by the narrator symbolizes that he is rejecting the views of the "old Negro" and taking his own views on the subject. Part of his views is the conviction that colored people do not need to rely on whites for their survival. Often times one does not know his own viewpoint on a subject until he can reject one view. Another item that is stored in his briefcase is the broken chain link that Brother Tarp gave to him. "I neither wanted it nor knew what to do with it; although there was no question of keeping it if no other reason than that I felt that Brother Tarp's gesture in offering it was of some deeply felt significance which I was compelled to respect" (Ellison 389). Although the narrator does not want to keep the link, he feels compelled to do so because the chain gang is part of his heritage. One often feels that he can not ignore to his past, as does the Invisible Man. Even at the end of the novel when he is b... ... part of his true identity. Works Cited   Bone, Robert.   "Ralph Ellison and the Uses of Imagination."   Modern Black Novelists: A Collection of Critical Essays.   Ed. M. G. Cooke.   Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971.   45-63. Brennan, Timothy.   "Ellison and Ellison: The Solipsism of Invisible Man."   CLA Journal XXV (Dec 1981): 162-81. Ellison, Ralph.   Invisible Man.   New York: The Modern Library, 1994. Holland, Laurence B.   "Ellison in Black and White: Confession, Violence and Klein, Marcus.   "Ralph Ellison."   After Alienation: American Novels in Mid-Century.   Cleveland: World Pub., 1964.   71-146. Langman, F.H.   "Reconsidering Invisible Man."   The Critical Review.   18 (1976) 114-27. Lieber, Todd M.   "Ralph Ellison and the Metaphor of Invisibility in Black Literary Tradition."   American Quarterly.   Mar. 1972: 86-100.

Geronimo :: essays papers

Geronimo I was born in No-doyohn Canon, Arizona, June, 1829. In that country which lies around the head waters of the Gila River I was reared. This range was our fatherland; among these mountains our wigwams were hidden; the scattered valleys contained our fields; the boundless prairies, stretching away on every side, were our pastures; the rocky caverns were our burying places. I was fourth in a family of eight children-- four boys and four girls. Of that family, only myself, my brother, Porico, and my sister, Nah-da-ste , are yet alive. We are held as prisoners of war in this Military Reservation (Fort Sill). As a babe I rolled on the dirt floor of my father's tepee, hung in my tsoch (Apache name for cradle) at my mother's back, or suspended from the bough of a tree. I was warmed by the sun, rocked by the winds, and sheltered by the trees as other Indian babes. When a child my mother taught me the legends of our people; taught me of the sun and sky, the moon and stars, the clouds and storms. She also taught me to kneel and pray to Usen for strength, health, wisdom, and protection. We never prayed against any person, but if we had faught against any individual we ourselves took vengeance. We were taught that Usen does not care for the petty quarrels of men. My father had often told me of the brave deeds of our warriors, of the pleasures of the chase, and the glories of the war path. With my brothers and sisters I played about my father's home. Sometimes we played at hide-and-seek among the rocks and pines; sometimes we loitered in the shade of the cottonwood trees or sought the shudock (a kind of wild cherry) while our parents worked in the field. Sometimes we played that we were warriors. We would practice stealing upon some object that represented an enemy, and in our childish imitation often perform the feats of war. Sometimes we would hide away from our mother to see if she could find us, and often when thus concealed go to sleep and perhaps remain hidden for many hours. When we were old enough to be of real service we went to the field with our parents: not to play, but to toil. When the crops were to be planted we broke the ground with wooden hoes. We planted the corn in straight rows, the beans among the corn, and the melons and pumpkins in irregular order over the field. We cultivated these crops

The Strength of a Single Parent Shown in The Scarlet Letter Essay

What is a single parent? Is it one who destroys their child’s life? Is it one who ultimately cannot raise a minor on their own? Or is it one who dedicates their lives to the well being of their kid? Imagine a parent, and for whatever reason they were left alone to raise a child. That parent you imagined has to work long hours just to put a meal on the table. That parent has to play the role of the mother and father. That parent has no financial support. Unfortunately, in our society, this image of a single parent is looked down upon. There are people that don’t realize how much a single parent goes through to give their child a better life. When it comes to the controversial issue of parenting, I believe that a single parent has the ability to raise a child just as effectively as two parents can. The reasons why are because the minor can learn life lessons that can only be acquired with a single parent, the single guardian can be the best choice for the young one, and a single parent has the ability to put all their attention and care to the son or daughter. Although some readers may object that it is impossible for a single parent to take care of a child than two parents, I would answer that it is not impossible. In The Scarlet Letter, a woman named Hester and her baby daughter Pearl were ostracized from society; and the young mother was left alone to take care of her daughter. Ultimately, my goal is to demonstrate that a child with a single parent can be raised properly by using the example of Hester and Pearl. By being with Hester, Pearl got to experience a different manner in life which enabled her to see an outside perspective of Puritan life and learn moral lessons from it. Pearl was not born into the typica... ...† (271). Hester had effectively raised a youngster to become something that was not expected. Despite being shunned upon on, Hester found a way to positively show Pearl moral lessons with the scarlet letter. Even when the townspeople wanted to take Pearl away from her mother, they were not triumphant to do so. The mother’s life was solely about Pearl; to keep her protected, warm, fed, clothed and loved. My conclusion, which is that based on the success of Pearl’s life, is that a single mother can raise a child. A single parent has the capability to nurture and love a son or daughter just as two parents can. A single parent sometimes is the best choice of who the minor can be with. A single parent may have challenges, but they can overcome them just to keep the child they love alive and well. Is it time now to realize what a single parent can truly accomplish?

Factors that affect the communication process Essay

There are various factors that affect the communication process. Among many of the factors some are very important and play a very important role throughout society, cultural, ethical and individual ways of perspective and communication. Throughout life people have and/or will be faced with the challenge of playing out these roles in society. For example, there are different cultures around the world. In some culture women are to be covered up at all times and are married off to as trade for cattle or money to their father. Where in cultures women are free to dress and marry by there choice. These two women will experience culture shock while communicating with each other. Culture is the values, attitudes and morals, someone is thought that carry over into their social lives. By taken the time to make sure we as people can cultural communication it can keep down most of the confusing in workplace, school and just maybe the world. Ethnical identify also is an important factor that affects the communication process, because of what is taught cultural and/or in people homes. The ethnicity plays in how two co-workers from different and same cultures interact with one another. For example, in the United States of America during slavery most White Americans where taught and believed they were superior when communicating with African-Americans so the communication was only a one direction channel. When African-American communication between each other back then where thru songs and marking. Ethnical identify is a very touchy subject all over the world and causes  racial profiling among all Ethnical groups. The most important factor that these minority races consider are their backgrounds. Ethnical issues can arise due to terminations, promotions, and bonuses. The individual identity is also an important factor that impacts communication. An individual communicates with others depended upon their own social imagination. This can play a role in which supervisor is admired in the workplace and willing to work with you, or who is most resented. Once others realize this they accept it, and find ways to work around with but  remove themselves from the person outside of a work environment. This includes someone’s own personality traits and how they esteem themselves. Finally the last factor to be discussed is societal identity. This references the roles others play in society. Some people may object to others actions, because they have different backgrounds. In the workplace younger works are said to be better at handle the rapid pace of how things change with technology in the workplace than older worker. This is not a true statement; however this is the depiction of society. The roles people paly such as a supervisor. It allows us to present ourselves a certain way towards our supervisors. I for one have taught and seen older coworkers take the time to learn and catch up with the pace of the change in the workplace.

Anatomy and Physiology: Practice Test

A and P II Chapter 24 practice test 1. Which of the following digestive regions is responsible for the propulsion of materials into the esophagus? Answer: pharynx 2. The active process that occurs when materials enter the digestive tract via the mouth is: Answer: ingestion 3. Sympathetic stimulation of the muscularis externa promotes: Answer: muscular inhibition and relaxation 4. Which of the following statements about peritonitis is false? Answer: It leads to inflammation of the digestive mucosa. 5. Which of the following major layers of the digestive tract is described as a layer of dense irregular connective tissue filled with blood vessels and the plexus of Meissner? Answer: submucosa 6. Strong contractions of the ascending and transverse colon moving the contents of the colon toward the sigmoid colon are called: Answer: mass peristalsis 7. Which of the following salivary glands produce salivary amylase, a carbohydrate-digesting enzyme? Answer: 1. parotid glands 2. sublingual glands 8. Which of the following is not a function of saliva? Answer: initial digestion of proteins 9. The three pairs of salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity include: Answer: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular 10. Crushing, mashing, and grinding of food are best accomplished by the action of the: Answer: bicuspids 11. The three phases of deglutition are: Answer: buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal 12. On its way to the esophagus, food normally passes through the: Answer: oropharynx and laryngopharynx 13. The pharyngeal muscles that push the food bolus toward the esophagus are the: Answer: pharyngeal constrictor muscles 14. Solid food and liquids are carried from the pharyngeal region to the stomach by the: Answer: laryngopharynx 15. The inferior end of the esophagus normally remains in a state of active contraction that: Answer: prevents the backflow of materials from the stomach into the esophagus 16. The contractions of the stomach are inhibited by: Answer: secretin 17. Which of the following is secreted by the stomach? Answer: gastrin 18. The division of the small intestine that contains the Brunner glands is the: Answer: duodenum 19. An enzyme not found in pancreatic juice is: Answer: disaccharidase 20. Bile entering the gallbladder must pass through the: Answer: cystic duct 21. The hormone that promotes the flow of bile and of pancreatic juice containing enzymes is: Answer: cholecystokinin 22. The longitudinal ribbon of smooth muscle visible on the outer surfaces of the colon just beneath the serosa are the: Answer: taenia coli 23. The vermiform appendix is dominated by what type of lymphatic structures in the mucosa and submucosa? Answer: lymphoid nodules 24. The vitamins liberated by bacterial action and absorbed in the large intestine are: Answer: biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K 25. Which of the following organic nutrients are not absorbed by capillaries in the intestinal villi? Answer: lipids 26. The nutrients that can be absorbed without preliminary processing but may involve special transport mechanisms are: Answer: water, electrolytes, and vitamins 27. The enzyme lactase, which digests lactose to glucose and galactose, is synthesized by: Answer: the stomach 28. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach functions primarily to: Answer: facilitate lipid digestion 29. The intestinal epithelium absorbs monosaccharides by: Answer: facilitated diffusion and cotransport mechanisms 30. When two fluids are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water tends to flow into the solution that has the: Answer: higher concentration of solutes 31. An error in swallowing could most likely be detected by the: Answer: larynx 32. Many visceral smooth muscle networks show rhythmic cycles of activity in the absence of neural stimulation due to the presence of: Answer: pacesetter cells that spontaneously depolarize and trigger contraction of entire muscular sheets 33. The reason a completely dry food bolus cannot be swallowed is: Answer: friction with the walls of the esophagus makes peristalsis ineffective 34. Gastric glands, which produce most of the gastric juice, are abundant in which of the following regions of the stomach? Answer: A and B. a. fundus. b. body 35. The two factors that play an important part in the movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine are: Answer: stomach distension and gastrin release 36. The plicae of the intestinal mucosa, which bears the intestinal villi, are structural features that provide for: Answer: increased total surface area for absorption 37. The enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal crypts are responsible for producing the intestinal hormones: Answer: cholecystokinin and secretin 8. Villikinin, motilin, and somatostatin are produced in the: Answer: small intestine 39. The primary function(s) of the gastrointestinal juice is (are) to: Answer: all of the above. a. moisten the chyme. b. assist in buffering acids. c. dissolve digestive enzymes and products of digestion 40. An immediate increase in the rates of glandular secretion and peri staltic activity in all segments of the small intestine are a result of the: Answer: gastroenteric reflex 41. The primary effect of secretin is to cause a(n): Answer: increase in secretion of water and buffers by the pancreas and the liver 42. The peptide hormone that causes the release of insulin from the pancreatic islets is: Answer: GIP 43. How does the mucosa of the rectum compare with that of the colon and cecum? Answer: The colon and cecum are lined with a simple columnar epithelium for absorption, whereas the rectum is lined with stratified squamous epithelium because it is next to an opening to the exterior. 44. The muscular sphincter that guards the entrance between the ileum and the cecum is the: Answer: ileocecal valve 45. Which produces the least number of contractions to force food through the digestive tract on a daily basis? Answer: large intestine 46. The average composition of the fecal waste material is: Answer: 75% water; 5% bacteria; 20% indigestible materials, inorganic matter, and epithelial remains 47. The hormone gastrin: Answer: increases the activity of parietal and chief cells 48. The two positive feedback loops involved in the defecation reflex are: Answer: stretch receptors in rectal walls, and the sacral parasympathetic system 49. The ‘doorway to the liver' (porta hepatis) is a complex that includes the: Answer: bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery 50. Triglycerides coated with proteins create a complex known as a: Answer: chylomicron End of chapter Questions 1. The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called: †¢ (d)chemical digestion. 2. The outer layer of the digestive tract is known as the: †¢(a)serosa. 3. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are the: †¢ (d)mesenteries. 4. A branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery, and tributary of the bile duct form †¢ (c)a portal area. 5. Label the digestive system structures in the following figure. a) oral cavity, teeth, tongue; (b) liver; (c) gallbladder; (d) pancreas; (e) large intestine; (f) salivary glands; (g) pharynx; (h) esophagus; (i) stomach; (j) small intestine; (k) anus 6. Label the four layers of the digestive tract in the following figure. (a) mucosa; (b) submucosa; (c) muscularis externa; (d) serosa 7. Most of the digestive tract is lined by ___________ epithelium. e. simple columnar. 8. Regional movements that occur in the small intestine and function to churn and fragment the digestive material are called: (a. )segmentation. 9. Bile release from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of: (a. )cholecystokinin. 10. Label the three segments of the small intestine in the following figure. (a) duodenum; (b) jejunum; (c) ileum. 11. The major function(s) of the large intestine is (are): (a. )reabsorption of water and compaction of feces. (b. )absorption of vitamins liberated by bacterial action. (c. )storage of fecal material prior to defecation. (d. )a, b, and c. 12. Vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are: (c)vitamin K, biotin, and pantothenic acid. 13. The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by: (a. ) brush border enzymes of the microvilli. 14. What are the six steps of digestion? Digestion involves (1. ) ingestion; (2. ) mechanical processing; (3. ) secretion; (4. ) digestion (conversion into a form usable by cells); (5. ) absorption; and (6. ) excretion. 15. Name and describe the layers of the digestive tract, proceeding from the innermost layer to the outermost layer. Layers of the digestive tract are (1. ) the mucosa: the epithelial layer that performs chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients; (2. the submucosa: the connective tissue layer containing lymphatic and blood vessels and the submucosal nerve plexus; (3. ) the muscularis externa: the smooth muscle layer containing the myenteric nerve plexus; and (4. ) the serosa: the outermost layer, epithelium and connective tissue that forms the visceral peritoneum (or connective tissue that forms the adventitia). 16. What three basic mechanisms reg ulate the activities of the digestive tract? Activities of the digestive tract are regulated by neural, hormonal, and local mechanisms. 17. What are the three phases of swallowing, and how are they controlled? The three phases of swallowing—the buccal, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases—are controlled by the swallowing center of the medulla oblongata via the trigeminal and glossopharyngeal cranial nerves. The motor commands originating at the swallowing center are distributed by cranial nerves V, IX, X, and XII. Along the esophagus, primary peristaltic contractions are coordinated by afferent and efferent fibers within the glossopharyngeal and vagus cranial nerves, but secondary peristaltic contractions occur in the absence of CNS instructions. 8. What are the primary digestive functions of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder? The pancreas provides digestive enzymes, plus bicarbonate ions that elevate the pH of the chyme. The liver produces bile and is also the primary organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood. The gallbladder stores and releases bile, which contains additional buffe rs and bile salts that facilitate the digestion and absorption of lipids. 19. Which hormones produced by duodenal enteroendocrine cells effectively coordinate digestive functions? The hormones include the following: enterocrinin, which stimulates the submucosal glands of the duodenum; secretin, which stimulates the pancreas and liver to increase the secretion of water and bicarbonate ions; cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes an increase in the release of pancreatic secretions and bile into the duodenum, inhibits gastric activity, and appears to have CNS effects that reduce the sensation of hunger; gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), which stimulates insulin release at pancreatic islets and the activity of the duodenal submucosal glands; vasoactive ntestinal peptide (VIP), which stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands, dilates regional capillaries, and inhibits acid production in the stomach; gastrin, which is secreted by G cells in the duodenum when they are exposed to large quantities of incompletely digested proteins; and, in small quantities, motilin, which stimulates intestinal contractions, villikinin, which promotes the movement of villi and associat ed lymph flow, and somatostatin, which inhibits gastric secretion. 20. What are the three primary functions of the large intestine? The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts the intestinal contents into feces, absorbs important vitamins liberated by bacterial action, and stores fecal material prior to defecation. 21. What two positive feedback loops are involved in the defecation reflex? Positive feedback loops in the defecation reflex involve (1. ) stretch receptors in the rectal walls, which promote a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum, moving feces toward the anus; and (2. the sacral parasympathetic system, also activated by the stretch receptors, which stimulates peristalsis via motor commands distributed by the pelvic nerves. 22. During defecation, (a. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall initiate a series of peristaltic contractions in the colon and rectum. (b. )stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord. (e. )only a and b occur. 23. Increased parasy mpathetic stimulation of the intestine would result in: (e. )none of these. 24. A drop in pH below 4. 5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of (a)secretin. 5. Through which layers of a molar would an oral surgeon drill to perform a root canal (removal of the alveolar nerve in a severely damaged tooth)? A root canal involves drilling through the enamel and the dentin. 26. How is the epithelium of the stomach protected from digestion? The stomach is protected from digestion by mucous secretions of its epithelial lining and by neural and hormonal control over the times and rates of acid secretion. 27. How does each of the three phases of gastric secretion promote and facilitate gastric control? (1. ) The cephalic phase of gastric secretion egins with the sight or thought of food. Directed by the CNS, this phase prepares the stomach to receive food. (2. ) The gastric phase begins with the arrival of food in the stomach; this phase is initiated by distension of the stomach, an incre ase in the pH of the gastric contents, and the presence of undigested materials in the stomach. (3. ) The intestinal phase begins when chyme starts to enter the small intestine. This phase controls the rate of gastric emptying and ensures that the secretory, digestive, and absorptive functions of the small intestine can proceed reasonably efficiently. 8. Nutritionists have found that after a heavy meal, the pH of blood increases slightly, especially in the veins that carry blood away from the stomach. What causes this â€Å"postenteric alkaline tide†? After a heavy meal, bicarbonate ions pass from the parietal cells of the stomach into the extracellular fluid, causing the pH of the extracellular fluid to rise. As the extracellular fluid exchanges ions with the blood, the blood pH also increases. 29. Some people with gallstones develop pancreatitis. How could this occur? If a gallstone is small enough, it can pass through the common bile duct and block the pancreatic duct. Enzymes from the pancreas then cannot reach the small intestine. As the enzymes accumulate, they irritate the duct and ultimately the exocrine pancreas, producing pancreatitis. 30. Harry is suffering from an obstruction in his colon. He notices that when he urinates, the color of his urine is much darker than normal, and he wonders if there is any relationship between the color of his urine and his intestinal obstruction. What would you tell him? The darker color of his urine is probably due to increased amounts of the pigment urobilin, which gives urine its normal yellow color. Urobilin is derived from urobilinogen, which is formed in the large intestine by the action of intestinal bacteria on bile pigments. In an intestinal obstruction, the bile pigments cannot be eliminated by their normal route, so a larger-than-normal amount diffuses into the blood, where it is eliminated by the kidneys. 31. A condition known as lactose intolerance is characterized by painful abdominal cramping, gas, and diarrhea. The cause of the problem is an inability to digest the milk sugar, lactose. How would this cause the observed signs and symptoms? If an individual cannot digest lactose, this sugar passes into the large intestine in an undigested form. The presence of extra sugar in the chyme increases its osmolarity, so less water is reabsorbed by the intestinal mucosa. The bacteria that inhabit the large intestine can metabolize the lactose, and in the process they produce large amounts of carbon dioxide. This gas overstretches the intestine, which stimulates local reflexes that increase peristalsis. The combination of more-fluid contents and increased peristalsis causes diarrhea. The overexpansion of the intestine by gas, which is directly related to increased gas production by the bacteria, causes the severe pain and abdominal cramping. 32. Recently, more people have turned to surgery to help them lose weight. One form of weight control surgery involves stapling a portion of the stomach shut, creating a smaller volume. How would such a surgery result in weight loss? The primary effect of such surgeries would be a reduction in the volume of food (and thus in the amount of calories) consumed because the person feels full after eating a small amount. This can result in significant weight loss. CheckPoints Page 882 1. Identify the organs of the digestive system. Organs of the digestive system include the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, and pancreas). 2. List and define the six primary functions of the digestive system. The six primary functions of the digestive system include the following: (1) ingestion = consciously eating food; (2) mechanical processing = crushing and shearing foodstuffs to make them more susceptible to enzymatic attack; (3) digestion = the chemical breakdown of food into smaller products for absorption; (4) secretion = the release of water, acids, and other substances by the epithelium of the digestive tract and by glandular organs; (5) absorption = movement of digested particles across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract; and (6) excretion = the removal of waste products from the body. . What is the importance of the mesenteries? The mesenteries—sheets consisting of two layers of serous membrane separated by loose connective tissue—support and stabilize the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity and provide a route for the associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 4. Name the layers of the gastrointestinal t ract from superficial to deep. The layers of the gastrointestinal tract, from superficial to deep, are the serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, and mucosa (adjacent to the lumen). 5. Which is more efficient in propelling intestinal contents from one place to another: peristalsis or segmentation? The waves of contractions that constitute peristalsis are more efficient in propelling intestinal contents than segmentation, which is basically a churning action that mixes intestinal contents with digestive fluids. 6. What effect would a drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation of the digestive tract have on peristalsis? A drug that blocks parasympathetic stimulation, which increases muscle tone and activity in the digestive tract, would slow peristalsis. Page 888 7. Name the structures associated with the oral cavity. Structures associated with the oral cavity include the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth. 8. Which type of epithelium lines the oral cavity? The oral cavity is lined by a stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection against friction or abrasion by foodstuffs. 9. The digestion of which nutrient would be affected by damage to the parotid salivary glands? Damage to the parotid salivary glands, which secrete the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme salivary amylase, would interfere with the digestion of complex carbohydrates. 10. Which type of tooth is most useful for chopping off bits of relatively rigid foods? The incisors are the teeth best suited for chopping (or cutting or shearing) pieces of relatively rigid food, such as raw vegetables. 11. Where exactly in the human body is the fauces? The fauces is the dividing line between the oral cavity and the pharynx. 12. Describe the structure and function of the pharynx. The pharynx is an anatomical space that receives a food bolus or liquids and passes them to the esophagus as part of the swallowing process. 13. Identify the muscles associated with the pharynx. Muscles associated with the pharynx are pharyngeal constrictor muscles, the palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus muscles, and palatal muscles. Page 890 14. Name the structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach. The structure connecting the pharynx to the stomach is the esophagus. 15. Compared to other segments of the digestive tract, what is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus? The muscularis externa of the esophagus is an unusual segment of the digestive tract because it (1) contains skeletal muscle cells along most of the length of the esophagus and (2) is surrounded by an adventitia rather than a serosa. 6. What is occurring when the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes? When the soft palate and larynx elevate and the glottis closes, swallowing (deglutition) is occurring. Page 897 17. Name the four major regions of the stomach. The four regions of the stomach are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus. 18. Discuss the significance of the low pH in the stomach. The low pH of the stomach creates an acidic environment that kills most microbes ingested with food, denatures proteins and inactivates most enzymes in food, helps break down plant cell walls and meat connective tissue, and activates pepsin. 9. How does a large meal affect the pH of blood leaving the stomach? Large (especially protein-containing) meals stimulate increased stomach acid secretion. Because the hydrogen ions of stomach acid come from blood entering the stomach, blood leaving the stomach will have fewer hydrogen ions and thus a higher pH. This phenomenon is referred to as the alkaline tide. 20. When a person suffers from chronic gastric ulcers, the branches of the vagus nerves that serve the stomach are sometimes cut in an attempt to provide relief. Why might this be an effective treatment? The vagus nerves contain parasympathetic motor fibers that can stimulate gastric secretions, even if food is not present in the stomach (the cephalic phase of gastric digestion). Cutting the branches of the vagus nerves that supply the stomach would prevent this type of secretion from occurring and thereby reduce the likelihood of ulcer formation. Page 910 21. Name the three regions of the small intestine from proximal to distal. The three regions of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. 22. How is the small intestine adapted for the absorption of nutrients? The small intestine has several adaptations that increase its surface area and thus its absorptive capacity. The walls of the small intestine are thrown into folds, the plicae circulares. The tissue that covers the plicae circulares forms fingerlike projections, the villi. The cells that cover the villi have an exposed surface covered by small fingerlike projections, the microvilli. In addition, the small intestine has a very rich supply of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which transport the nutrients that are absorbed. 23. Does a high-fat meal raise or lower the level of cholecystokinin in the blood? A high-fat meal would raise the cholecystokinin level in the blood. 24. How would the pH of the intestinal contents be affected if the small intestine did not produce secretin? The hormone secretin, among other things, stimulates the pancreas to release fluid high in buffers to neutralize the chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach. If the small intestine did not secrete secretin, the pH of the intestinal contents would be lower than normal. 25. The digestion of which nutrient would be most impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas? Damage to the exocrine pancreas would most impair the digestion of fats (lipids), because it is the primary source of lipases. Even though such damage would also reduce carbohydrate and protein digestion, enzymes for digesting these nutrients are produced by other digestive system structures, including the salivary glands (carbohydrates), the small intestine (carbohydrates and proteins), and the stomach (proteins). Page 916 26. Identify the four regions of the colon. The four regions of the colon are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. 27. What are some major histological differences between the large intestine and the small intestine? The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine, but its relatively thin wall lacks villi and has an abundance of mucous cells and intestinal glands. 28. Differentiate between haustral churning and mass movements. In mass movements, which occur a few times per day throughout the transverse colon and the distal portions of the large intestine, strong peristaltic contractions move material along the length of the colon. In haustral churning, segmentation movements mix the contents of adjacent haustra. Page 921 29. What kinds of nutrients does the body require? Nutrients required by the body are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. 30. What component of food would increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals? Because chylomicrons are formed from the fats digested in a meal, fats increase the number of chylomicrons in the lacteals. 31. The absorption of which vitamin would be impaired by the removal of the stomach? Removal of the stomach would interfere with the absorption of vitamin B12, a process that requires intrinsic factor, produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. 2. Why is it that diarrhea is potentially life threatening, but constipation is not? When an individual with diarrhea loses fluid and electrolytes faster than they can be replaced, the resulting dehydration can be fatal. Although constipation can be quite uncomfortable, it does not interfere with any life-supporting processes; the few toxic waste products normally eliminated by the digestive system can move into the blood and be eliminated by the kidneys. Page 922 33. Identify general digestive system changes that occur with aging. General age-related digestive system changes include decreased secretory mechanisms, decreased gastric and intestinal motility, decreased mitotic activity of epithelial cells, and loss of tone; cumulative damage becomes more apparent, cancer rates increase, and dehydration occurs as a result of decreased osmoreceptor sensitivity. 34. Identify the functional relationships between the digestive system and other body systems. The digestive system absorbs the organic substrates, vitamins, ions, and water required by cells of all other body systems. 35. What body systems may be affected by inadequate calcium absorption? The skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems may all be affected by inadequate absorption of calcium. Review Questions Labeling 1. Label the following histological structures of the digestive tract from the image of the small intestine section. 1. 1 myenteric plexus D. 1. 2 submucosal gland A. 1. 3mucosa B. 1. 4serosa (visceral peritoneum) E. 1. 5 submucosa F. 1. 6muscularis externa C. 2. match the terms with the appropriate regions and structures of the stomach. 2. 1 fundus D. 2. 2 oblique muscle layer overlying mucosa E. 2. 3circular muscle layer B. 2. 4cardia C. 2. rugae F. 2. 6pyloric sphincter A. 3. Correctly match the terms with the appropriate structures of the liver lobule. 3. 1 central vein B. 3. 2 hepatocytes A. 3. 3 bile duct F. 3. 4 bile canaliculi E. 3. 5sinusoid C. 3. 6Kupffer cells D. Matching 1. Put the following structures involved in bile transport in the proper order, from the liver to the gallbladder and on to the small intestine, by matc hing them (1) through (6): Bile canaliculi Bile ductules Right and left hepatic ducts Common hepatic ducts Cystic duct Common bile duct 2. Match the following cells and glands with their correct products: 2. Parietal cell HCl 2. 2Chief cell . Pepsinogen 2. 3G cells Gastrin 2. 4Intestinal glands Cholecystokinin 2. 5Brunner glands Urogastrone 3. Match the following substrates and products with the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: 3. 1 Proteins to short-chain polypeptides . Pepsin 3. 2Dipeptides and tripeptides to amino acids Exopeptidase 3. 3trypsinogen to trypsin Enterokinase 3. 4A disaccharide to monosaccharides . Lactase 4. Match the following intestinal hormones to their correct functions: 4. 1Gastrin . This stimulates of increased motility in the stomach and the production of acids and enzymes. . 2Gastric inhibitory peptide . Secreted when fats and especially glucose enters the intestine, this enzyme triggers the release of insulin at the pancreas. 4. 3Cholecystokinin This is secreted when chyme is rich in lipids and partially digested proteins. It triggers the opening of the hepatopancreatic sphincter. 4. 4 Enterocrinin . This is released when chyme enters the small intestine and it stimulates mucin production. 5. Match the organ of the digestive system with its function: 5. 1Mastication of food . Teeth 5. 2Carries solid foods and liquids to the stomach . Esophagus . 3Bulk storage of ingested food, chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food, and production of the intrinsic factor . Stomach 5. 4Digestion and absorption of nutrients . Small intestine 5. 5Reabsorption of water, absorption of important vitamins, and storage of fecal matter . Large intestine 5. 6 Temporary storage of fecal matter . Rectum Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is a function of the digestive tract? Answer: a. Ingestion b. Digestion c. Excretion d. Absorption 2. From the outside in, the correct order of the layers of the digestive tract is Answer: erosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa. 3. The movements of the muscularis externa are coordinated by the Answer: myenteric plexus. 4. Waves of smooth muscle contraction that propel materials along the digestive tract are called Answer: peristalsis. 5. The mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior portion of the stomach is the Answer: greater omentum. 6. The lingual frenulum Answer: a. connects the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity. b. is a thin fold of mucous membrane. c. may need to be cut if the condition of ankyloglossia exists. 7. Incisors are used for Answer: lipping or cutting. 8. The mucosa and submucosa of the esophagus are folded for Answer: to allow the expansion of the esophagus during the passage of a large bolus. 9. Which of the following is a function of the stomach? Answer: a. Mechanical breakdown of food b. Production of intrinsic factor 10. Chief cells secrete Answer: pepsinogen. 11. When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called Answer: rugae. 12. When you walk into a Mexican restaurant and smell the savory aroma of fajitas, which phase of gastric activity is triggered? Answer: Cephalic phase 13. Peyer patches Answer: re lymphoid nodules located in the ileum. 14. The wall of the small intestine bears a series of folds called the Answer: plicae circulares. 15. The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus. Answer: Brunner glands 16. The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility Answer: along the entire length of the small intestine. 17. Sympathetic stimulation Answer: inhibits submucosal glands. 18. Concentrated crystals of minerals and salts in the gallbladder produce Answer: a condition called cholelithiasis. 19. Pancreatic juice is Answer: alkaline. 20. Which of the following is not a function of the liver? Answer: Immunologic regulation 21. Liver cells, or hepatocytes, receive blood from the Answer: a)hepatic artery. b)hepatic portal vein. 22. Bile acts as a(n) Answer: emulsifier. 23. The defecation reflex Answer: a. involves long and short reflexes. b. involves two positive feedback loops. 24. The large intestine absorbs which of the following vitamins from colonic bacteria? Answer: a. Biotin b. Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid c. Vitamin K 25. Fat-soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by Answer: iffusion. True and False 1. The pharynx belongs to both the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer: True As air is inhaled it passes through the pharynx into the trachea, and as food is swallowed it passes through the pharynx into the esophagus. 2. Cuspids are cutting or clipping teeth. Answer: False Incisors are cutting or clipping teeth. 3. A drop in the pH of the chyme coming from the stomach trigge rs the release of CCK. Answer: False CCK is a hormone released when chyme is full of fatty acids and triglycerides. 4. The haustra are formed by contraction of the taenia coli. Answer: True Expansion and elongation of the colon is accomplished by haustra; how do the haustra expand and elongate? 5. The region of the tooth between the crown and the root is called the gingival space. Answer: False The gingival space is between the gum and the tooth. Fill In the Blank 1. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to the other by a series of wavelike contractions called peristalsis, while in most areas of the small intestine ___ segmentation _______ movements churn and fragment digestive materials. 2. Pancreatic juice is secreted by units known as pancreatic ____ acini ______. 3. ___ Peptidases _______ are proteolytic enzymes that break small peptide chains into amino acids. 4. The transverse folds that make up the intestinal lining and provide more surface area for absorption are called __ plicae ________. 5. The glycoprotein __ intrinsic factor ________, necessary for vitamin B12 absorption, is produced in the stomach. Multiple Choice 2 1. The layer of the digestive tract that contains large blood vessels, lymphatics, and a network of nerve fibers called the plexus of Meissner is the Answer: ubmucosa. 2. Each of the following products of digestion is taken up by capillaries in the small intestine except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Chylomicrons 3. Which of the following statements is false concerning the teeth? Answers: Dentin, the material that makes up the enamel of the teeth, is a type of spongy bone, thus giving the tooth its hardness. A layer of a material called ce mentum covers the dentin of the root and attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament. 4. Which salivary glands produce a thick serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase? Answer: Parotid glands . Which type of tooth is conical with a pointed tip and used for tearing and slashing? Answer: Cuspids or canines 6. During the pharyngeal phase of deglutition Answer: the larynx elevates and the uvula and soft palate block the nasopharynx. 7. Which of the following statements is false concerning aging and the digestive system? Answer: Dehydration becomes less common as a result of the body's inability to effectively rid itself of water. 8. Which of the following is not a pancreatic enzyme? Answer: Pepsinogen 9. Which of the following statements is false regarding the Kupffer cells of the liver? Answer: Kupffer cells have the ability to produce bile. 10. Of the 1,500 mL of material that enters the large intestine on a daily basis, approximately how much water in the material is reabsorbed? Answer: 1,200 mL 11. During the defecation reflex Answer: parasympathetic centers in the sacral region of the spinal cord stimulate mass movements. 12. Each of the following is a brush border enzyme except one. Identify the exception. Answer: Amylase 13. Fatty acids and monoglycerides interact with the bile salts in chyme to form small, lipid-bile salt complexes called Answer: micelles. 4. Peyer patches are associated with which region of the intestine? Answer: Ileum Peyer patches are aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the ileum. 15. Treatment for a morbidly obese man includes surgery to reduce the length of his intestine. Which region of the small intestine should be removed to achieve greatest weight loss? Answer: Jejunum The jejunum is responsible for the majority of chemical digest ion and nutrient absorption. Section 2: Concept Review Now let's see what you have learned about Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and two possible answers. Then I will pause while you consider the choices and select your answer. After a few seconds, I will give you the correct answer with an explanation. Question 1 Enzymes and buffers are considered part of which type of digestion? Is it A) mechanical or B) chemical? The answer is B) chemical. Mechanical digestion involves mixing, churning, and chewing. Question 2 What do we call movement of food without direction in the digestive tract? Is it A) peristalsis or B) segmentation? The answer is B) segmentation. Peristalsis is the movement of food forward through the digestive tract. Question 3 Where does major absorption of food substances occur? Is it in A) the stomach or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Almost all absorption occurs in the small intestine. Question 4 Which type of enzyme digests carbohydrates? Is it A) amylase or B) peptidase? The answer is A) amylase. Peptidase breaks down proteins. Question 5 Which side of the epithelial cells lining the digestive tract faces in towards the lumen? Is it A) apical or B) basal? The answer is A) apical. The basal surface fuses the cells to the deep tissues. Question 6 What is the term for emulsified, digested lipids? Is it A) chylomicrons or B) micelles? The answer is B) micelles. Chylomicrons are cholesterol-fat complexes that have a protein coating. Question 7 Which portion of the small intestine serves as a mixing bowl for substances from the pancreas, liver, and stomach? Is it A) the duodenum or B) the ileum? The answer is A) the duodenum. As the food enters the small intestines, enzymes, buffers, and bile also enter at the duodenum Question 8 In which part of your digestive system is most of the water reabsorbed? Is it A) the colon or B) the small intestine? The answer is B) the small intestine. Up to ninety-five percent of the water entering the digestive tract is absorbed here. That's the end of this section. Section 3: Rapid Review Now we will do a quick set of review questions on Digestion and Absorption. I will give you a question and then only a couple of seconds to give your answer. After a brief pause, I will give you the correct answer. Let's start with some true or false questions. Question 1 True or false? Bile is produced by the gallbladder. Answer: False Question 2 True or False? Once food is digested in the stomach, it is called chyme. Answer: True Question 3 A chylomicron is an example of a digested protein. Answer: False Okay, now let's try some multiple choice questions. Question 4 Which substance is absorbed through the intestinal lining? Is it A) monosaccharides or B) nucleic acids? Answer: A) monosaccharides Question 5 What is the term for breaking down lipids? Is it A) lipogenesis or B) emulsification? Answer: B) emulsification Great! Now let's try some short answer questions. Question 6 Which accessory organ produces amylases, lipases, buffers, and hormones? Answer: The pancreas Question 7 Most of the fat absorption occurs in which part of the small intestine? Answer: The ileum Question 8 Where does the process of chemical digestion start? Answer: In the mouth That's the end of this section.