Organizational Behavior Defined - 750 Words

Organizational Behavior Defined Introduction It is reasonable to suggest that the overwhelming majority of humankind has either been part of or required the services of organizations at some point in time during their lives, and many of these consumers will likely testify that although every organization is different in some ways, they all share some common characteristics. Furthermore, because all organizations are comprised of mere humans, they are subject to the same behavioral whims, weaknesses and vagaries that also characterize the human condition from day to day and over time. To gain further insights into these concepts, this paper provides a review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature to develop a comprehensive and robust definition of organizational behavior. This review is followed by a summary of the research and salient findings in the conclusion. Review and Discussion As the term indicates, organizational behavior describes how people interact in a workplace setting to achieve a common goal or purpose. In this regard, Kelly and Kelly (1998) emphasize that, Organizational behavior is essentially concerned with what people do in organizations (p. 4). Therefore, defining organizational behavior requires a consideration of how people actually behave in workplace settings at a given point in time as well as over time (Miner, 2002). As Kelly and Kelly point out, A good working definition of organizational behavior is the systematic study ofShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Citizenship Behavior Is Defined As A Set Of Behaviors1669 Words   |  7 Pages Literature review Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as a set of behaviors which extends from one s basic requirements of job. Generally, organizational citizenship is extra role behavior or a variety of behaviors like helping colleagues and organization by presenting it in a positive way in front of others and by doing over time voluntarily. The first research made on organizational citizenship behavior was by Bateman and Organ in 1980 s. They presented their genuineRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Is Defined As A Social Science Discipline2297 Words   |  10 Pages Organizational Behavior I Introduction Organizational behavior is defined as a social science discipline just like cultural anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. It uses the scientific method to establish the truth as well as to validate the different theories. It is also considered as a discipline that is related to other social sciences that has its origins historically has had its intellectual home in the business school and a new discipline that isRead MoreResearch Proposal on the Impact of Motivation on Employee Job Performance934 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches in answering the challenges in an organization and satisfying their goals. Literature Review From the previous studies regarding the motivational approaches and its impacts on various business dimensions, it deliberately identified that organizational involvement and commitment can be the other factors that might contribute to the overall job performance of the employees. Motivational approaches definitely satisfy the needs of the employees and in return, the employee repays it through theirRead MoreRelationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction2039 Words   |  9 Pagesthis essay, job performance has been defined and the main categories of job performance have been laid out to show the exact difference between task, contextual and counterproductive performance. Also, the association between job performance and satisfaction has been reviewed thoroughly to prove what matters most in order for an organization’s employees to perform at soaring levels. Job performance is formally defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positivelyRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behavior4841 Words   |  20 PagesTable of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and resultsRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿What is organizational citizenship? Explain the links between the various types of organizational citizenship behaviors and job-related outcomes. In what ways does organizational citizenship affect organizational performance? Illustrate with examples where appropriate. Organizational Citizenship Organizational citizenship is an organizational success that consists of supports from the volunteers of individuals and behavior (Business Dictionary 2013). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB)Read MoreLeadership and Organizational Behavior3084 Words   |  13 PagesLeadership and Organizational Behavior Course Project Ronette C Rudder-Carter – 10415 SW 85th CT, Ocala, FL 34481 Rbb589@hotmail.com / (347) 564-0074 GM591 ON Leadership and Organizational Behavior Professor Robert Salitore 4/17/11 DaCosta Mannings Inc, is one of a retail environment and I am the customer service manager for the entire operation which has five locations throughout the island. I have chosen this organization because when I was hiredRead MoreEssay on Annotated Bibliography Employee Engagement4499 Words   |  18 Pages9 4. Recommendations for practice 12 5. Conclusion 12 References 13 â€Æ' 1. Introduction Employee engagement (EE) is an essential part of organizational life and of paramount interest to human resource management (HRM) professionals in the banking industry due to its influence on the organizational outcomes. This paper therefore examines the topic with the aim of defining EE and identifying the use of, value and benefits of EE to be obtained from industry surveys.Read MoreOrganizational Culture Within A Hospital Setting1693 Words   |  7 Pagestremendous amount of literature regarding Organizational Culture as it relates to corporate business. Peters and Waterman (1982) book, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America’s Best Run Companies, became the blueprint for organizational success. With the paradigm shift of hospitals becoming more â€Å"business- like† through mergers, acquisition, and pay for performance, organizational culture in a hospital setting will need to be furthered analyzed and defined as a predicator of success. Purpose ofRead MoreOrganization Behavior Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization Behavior In order to better understand the concepts of organizational behavior, several key terms need to be defined and explained. Some of these key terms include organizational behavior, organizational culture, diversity, communication, organizational effectiveness and efficiency, and organizational learning. To get a better understanding of each of these terms, examples will be given for each term as it applies to National Gypsum Company. Organizational behavior is defined as the study

Catcher In The Rye Self Alienation Essay - 730 Words

In J.D. Salinger’s, Catcher in the Rye, Holden excommunicates himself from everyone he knows because he does not like who they present themselves to be. Holden is extremely closed minded about everyone he knows and he does not understand how to communicate with others; however these actions put Holden in a state of self-alienation. Salinger uses Holden to show how loneliness can leave people in a fragile state and if not helped then it could lead to death. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden does not know how to communicate with others. On multiple occasions Holden attempts to call people on the telephone. However, he declines to continue the call almost every time. He most likely does this because he does not know how to talk to people, or he†¦show more content†¦By Holden using this generalization of people he ends up alienating himself from the world. In the novel, Holden ends the book by saying, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you’ll start missing everybody† (234). Holden meant by this statement means that once a person becomes emotionally attached for emotional support, it is inevitable that the person will leave, die, and make the ones they left behind will miss them. Holden wants to avoid the feeling of loss that he felt after Allie’s death to happen ever again so he avoids emotionally attaching to others so that it is impossible to miss them like he misses Allie. Consequently, on multiple occasions Holden contemplates suicide. For example, after he gets wrongfully attacked by Sunny’s pimp, Maurice, he says that he would not mind ending his life. He states that the only reason he rejected the idea is because he remembers James Castle’s suicide. Holden does not want people staring at his corpse. Another time he desires committing suicide when he talks after he talked about his brother D.B.’s experience with going to war. Holden thinks, â€Å"I’m sort of glad that they’ve got the atomic bomb invented. If there is ever another war, I’m going to sit right the hell on top of it. I’ll volunteer for it, I swear to God I will† (156). This quote is saying that Holden wants to kill himself in an extremely dramatic and graphic way. In the past few days Holden’s emotions have been abused and he hasShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper proposes to del ineate the characteristics of Holden Caulfield, the adolescent protagonist hero of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and illuminate the reasons as to why this prototype of brooding adolescence, displaying a rather uber-cool style of disaffection, disenchantment and disillusionment became an indispensable figure of interest, in literary circles as well as popular culture. The paper seeks to take issue with the wider dimensions attached to the ‘incapacitation and debilitation’Read MoreCatcher in the Rye Thesis Essay610 Words   |  3 PagesCatcher in the Rye Thesis Essay The novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger is very interesting novel in which the main character, Holden, intrigues the reader with his unpredictable actions and upfront judgments of his surroundings. Holden alienates himself to try and help protect him from the outside world and conserve his innocence. He constantly proves this to reader many in times in the novel by, telling characters he feels different, wearing clothing that makes him stand out even thoughRead MoreJ.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye and Burr Steers Igby Goes Down1493 Words   |  6 Pages Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreComparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down1552 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreTranscendentalism, Realism, Naturalism, And Existentialism- Shaped The Advancement Of American Literature1486 Words   |  6 Pagesofferings. Through characterizing the progress of the philosophies, the development of American literature is explained. Transcendentalism describes the idea that knowledge comes through intuition and imagination instead of logic or the senses. In the essay, Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson, he begins it with the dismissal of the way in which the past dominates the way people understand and act in the present. Natural and humanistic sciences were not viewed distinctively from one another, â€Å"All science hasRead MoreA Short Story Assignment3653 Words   |  15 PagesHollywood director. However, one of the key shaping points in his life was the fact that he was born and raised in Burbank, California. Burbank in the 1950s presented a type of idyllic suburbia which Burton felt like a fish out of water. This sense of alienation and otherness was a theme that shaped his later work. Thus Burton gravitated to monster movies like Godzilla and of Vincent Price. California Institute of the Arts was created by Disney as a place to train and educate new animators and Burton gotRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words à ‚  |  17 PagesAP ENGLISH LIT AND COMP FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS 2004 (Form A): Critic Roland Barthes has said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer.† Choose a novel or play and, considering Barthes’ Observation, write an essay in which you analyze a central question the work raises and the extent to which it offers any answers. Explain how the author’s treatment of this question affects your understanding of the work as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or anotherRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 PagesWriter, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. Benjamin Franklin recorded his early life in his famous book The Autobiography. Benjamin Franklin He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age supported the cause of independence,, and aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence. Practical yet idealistic, hard working and enormously successful. the Scottish

Love in La free essay sample

Applying effective stress management theory c. Demonstrating effective self-management in the use of resources such as time, money, and personal assets . Understanding the theories of healthy and successful relationships by: a. Describing how these theories apply to family, friends, social groups, work teams, and culturally diverse groups b. Practicing effective verbal and nonverbal communication c. Applying effective listening skills d. Applying theories related to assertive behavior e. Practicing conflict resolution skills and analyzing the process 4.Understanding the changing nature of the world of work by: a. Exploring future occupational and academic trends b. Using knowledge and skills of personal and interpersonal effectiveness to achieve career c. Valuing diversity in the workplace elated goals 5. Understanding the role Of personal responsibility in workplace success by: a. Describing the characteristics of effective employees and their responses to performance assessment and varying leadership styles b. Demonstrating understanding of the necessity for policies and proceed urges in the workplace c. We will write a custom essay sample on Love in La or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Demonstrating knowledge of job satisfaction, including intrinsic and extrinsic work motivations d. Describing factors which interfere with effective job performance such as alcohol and drug use, sexual harassment, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, age discrimination, and violations of ethical and moral standards COURSE REQUIREMENTS 1 . Three Examinations ; Covering the texts chapters, class discussions and lectures. ; Tests will be administered in a multiple choice, short answer, and essay format. Exams will delivered via ANGEL and submitted online ; Each exam will account for 20% of your final grade (60% Total). 2. Group Demonstrations in which groups will present meaningful psychological concepts or strategies and utilize them to resolve or enhance a designated social or occupational issue. Details of this assignment will be provided at a later date. This assignment will account for 15% of you final grade. 3. Participation/l_ABA Assignment credit will be given based on students professionalism, participation in class discussion and preparedness for class regarding reading assignments when the student is selected. Lab Assignments will count for 25% of your final grade Although this course does not have an official lab designation, you will be asked to complete a series of in-class and online psychology lab exercises. For this semester, Thursdays are designated as our official virtual lab day. If you have a lab week, typically, you will log into ANGEL on Thursday and your lab will be available to you. You are expected to work on the assigned lab exercise during the respective time frame assigned. Do not miss the deadline or you will not receive credit for your assignment!The content and style of the assignments will vary from chapter-to-chapter and include, but are not limited to, tasks such as online quizzing online psychology experiments, film analyses, debates, self-reflections, article reviews (scientific journals/popular magazines/newspapers), exams, case scenarios and field experiments. Some of these assignments you will have to complete during class (individually / pairs) and others you will be allowed to complete either at home or in the computer courtyard. Therefore, please arrive to class on-time to receive your lab assignment for the day/week/ chapter.

Top 10 Fallacies

One of the disputable issues of logic is fallacy. One of the difficulties in considering fallacies is the complicated nature and difficulty in identifying it, since it is not always clear â€Å"which particular fallacy has been committed† (Hughes Lavery, 2004, p.108). It is generally accepted that a fallacy is regarded as an attempt to move the reader’s / listener’s focus from the true fact (Moore Parker, 2006, p. 53). Below this definition will be exemplified.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Fallacies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More John’s objections to capital punishment carry no weight since he is a convicted felon. Hasty Generalizing This example reveals the fallacy in the diminishing of the weight of individual’s point of view, which condemn capital punishment. The speaker tries to shift the readers’ attention from the actual objections against capital puni shment, stressing that the speaker is convicted, though this fact has nothing in common with John’s reasonable arguments. All men are rats! Just look at the louse that I married. Hasty Generalizing I think that fallacy in this case lies in the desire to calumniate all men, for even though that particular man is â€Å"louse†, the rest of men are not like him. And the woman uses very emotional and negative words to convince the listeners, to distracting their attention by using these evocative words from the essence of the statement. If the Republicans win the election, then we will lose our benefits and probably end up homeless in the streets! Ad Hominem/Genetic Fallacy To my mind this transparent fallacy is aimed to evoke negative feelings about the Republicans, since being homeless is very negative and people, of course, stick to these words building connections between Republicans and misfortune, though, in fact, there can be no evidence in such consequence. The fall acy is based on the rejection of political opponents’ point of view.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Of course Nixon was guilty in Watergate. Everybody knows that. Straw Man The fallacy in this case is based on the pressure of majority. The speaker doesn’t provide some fact proving the statement; he tries to convince that the statement is true since it is known to everybody, as he puts it. Mary joined our class and the next week we all did poorly on the quiz. It must be her fault. Post Hoc This example shows that students draw the connection between Mary joining the class and poor results, though there is no connection. Students accuse the girl, instead of analyzing their own study; moreover, students were to gain their knowledge far before that week to show good results. I don’t know what colleges are teaching these days! I have just received a letter of applicati on from a young man who graduated from the state university last June. It was a wretched letter – badly written, with elementary errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar. The state university does not deserve the tax support that it is getting. Post Hoc Here the speaker accuses colleges in spending states money instead of providing good teaching, stating that a graduate made some mistakes. But, of course, this cannot be the good grounding for such statement; it is more personal drawbacks and lack of literacy or even attentiveness than the guilt of colleges which are not supposed to teach students spelling and grammar of their native language. Still this quite emotional speech is aimed to deride or rather slander colleges, because of some speaker’s personal reasons. He went to college and came back a pot-head; college corrupted him.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Top 10 Fallacies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Post Hoc Like in example with Mary and quiz the speaker puts his/her own guilt on some other circumstances which have no connection with the result. It is obvious that it is not colleges which â€Å"corrupt† an individual, but his/her friends and lack of parents’ and/or close friends’ attention. Many people say that engineers need more practice in writing, but I would like to remind them how difficult it is to master all the math and drawing skills that an engineer requires. Red Herring/Smokescreen In this example the speaker wants to distract attention of the listener by stressing the difficulties of mastering math, instead of admitting the necessity to improve one’s skills in spelling. The speaker wants to make the listener accept that math and professional skills are more complicated and more important than language. Those who favor gun-control legislation just want to take all guns away from responsible citizens and put them into th e hands of the criminals. Ad Hominem/Genetic Fallacy or Scare Tactics This fallacy is aimed to shifting the listeners’ attention from the positive impact of gun-legislation control to the nonexistent threat of providing bad guys with guns, though bad guys already have their guns and legislation control will only contribute to decreasing of the amount of gun. Here the same fallacy is used as in case with Republicans. After a taste of the morning coffee that his wife had made, Paul asks, â€Å"Did you do something different with the coffee this morning? It tastes a little bit different.† â€Å"Look,† snaps his wife, â€Å"if you don’t like the taste of my coffee, you can just make it yourself!† Hasty Generalizing In this case fallacy lies in the reaction of the wife, who misinterprets husband’s words and reacts in a negative way. The husband didn’t say he didn’t like the coffee, may be, on the contrary he wanted to praise it, but the wife took it for criticism and launched a conflict. The reaction of the wife may be conditioned by the repeated negative reaction of her husband towards her food.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, these examples show that fallacy is a kind of mistake or fabrication, aimed at forming the necessary opinion of the readers or listeners. Reference Moore, B. N., Parker, R. (2006). Critical Thinking (Custom 8th ed.). New York : McGraw-Hill. Hughes, W., Lavery, J. (2004).Critical thinking: an introduction to the basic skills. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. This essay on Top 10 Fallacies was written and submitted by user Israel Bush to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Margaret Tudor The Perils of a Queen free essay sample

A look at the tumultuous life and times of a fascinating woman, Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent of Scotland. This paper chronicles the tumultuous life of Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent of Scotland, sister of the notorious Henry VIII, and grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots. Although it does touch on the political issues of her day, the author focuses more on Margarets personal life, including her three marriages, divorce and her struggle to hold her power in a mans world. The word queen conjures up an image of beautiful clothes, a doting king, happiness and an idle lifestyle. The life of Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland, shatters these myths. Widowed at a young age, she was left to act as regent for her infant son in a climate of political turmoil and dangerous power struggles. As a member of the weaker sex, Margaret was not taken seriously and was expected to sit back and let others govern Scotland in her name. We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Tudor: The Perils of a Queen or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Margaret refused to do so, and suffered for it. Not even her brother, Henry VIII of England, would aid her unless she agreed to be his pawn. Margaret also flouted convention by marrying for love, not once, but twice, and by divorcing her second husband in a time when marriage was a sacred lifelong bond no matter its problems.

Free Essays on Gatsby

Symbolizing the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s classic novel The Great Gatsby examines the 1920s vision of the American dream. It shows how the American dream is corrupted by wealth and power. Gatsby is a firm believer in the American dream of self-made success. He has achieved this dream, but he also has a dream of being with Daisy. Gatsby is successful, but his success is through new money. There is a difference between old money and new money. The people with old money give no respect to the people with the new money. This is shown by Tom calling Gatsby’s car a â€Å"circus wagon† (128). The social flaw of being new money imprisoned Gatsby on an emotional island. The novel uses a major literary theme to show hidden meaning. The technique of symbolism is included into the novel. The author uses symbolism by showing how the American dream can be corrupted by wealthy people with little or no morals. Fitzgerald incorporates three symbols to prove this; they are the green light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock, the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg, and the valley of ashes. At the end of the Buchanan’s dock was a â€Å"single green light† that Gatsby reached toward (26). Green is a color that represents promise, hope, and renewal. This green light symbolizes Gatsby’s hope that the present will change to that of a great future, one where dreams come true and the where American dream is realized. His most important dream is his longing for Daisy. As Sulton said, â€Å"At this point in the novel, Gatsby can only reach longingly, from a distance toward a light he associates with his former lover.† Gatsby’s also sees the green light as a symbol of immense possibilities. Gatsby uses Nick Carraway as a window to the desperately needed green light. Nick is used as a gateway to Gatsby’s goal, Daisy. Gatsby has spent his whole life longing for something better. The green light stands for all of Gatsby’s hopes... Free Essays on Gatsby Free Essays on Gatsby The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a specific portrait of American society during the Roaring Twenties. It tells the quintessential American story of a man rising from rags to riches only to find that his wealth cannot grant him the privileges of class and status. Although the central character of the novel is Jay Gatsby, a wealthy New Yorker known mostly for the lavish parties he throws every weekend at his mansion. The narrator, however, is Nick Carraway, a young mid-westerner from a prominent family who came to New York to enter the bond business. Even though Nick Carraway is involved in all of the events of the novel, he does not play a significant active role. Carraway’s characteristics of being responsible, honest, and fair makes him a reliable narrator. Nick's description of himself in the opening chapter holds true throughout the novel: he is â€Å"tolerant and slow to judge, someone with whom people feel comfortable sharing their secrets† (Fitzgerald 7). Carraway has this willingness to describe himself and the contours of his thoughts even when they are inconsistent or incomplete. Toward the end of the novel, his long musing makes him seem thoughtful and trustworthy. His discusses Gatsby’s dream of loving Daisy, but he tells it as Gatsby’s struggle to recreate the past in the future. He realizes failure, â€Å"the quality of distortion† that lures people to the East disgusts him (Fitzgerald 123). â€Å"Individuals must now struggle like rowboats against a current, as they move forward with their dreams into the future, but are borne back ceaselessly into a past they (like Gatsby) are doomed never to recreate† (Plotz 32). Nick Carraway’s position in relation to the other characters gives him a perfect vantage point from which to view the story. He is Daisy's cousin's old college friend, and Gatsby's neighbor. They all trust him and rely on him. Nick Car... Free Essays on Gatsby 1) The first party that takes place in East Egg at Daisy and Tom's mansion. Since Daisy is his cousin and Tom, a friend from Yale, Nick has the credentials to visit East Egg. Their house is "a cheerful red-and-white Georgian Colonial Mansion" overlooking the bay. And the owner is obviously proud of his possessions. We meet Tom who is presented as a powerful man in riding clothes sort of as a knight. We then meet Daisy and Jordan who seem like two princesses in white sitting on the sofa. Fitzgerald controls the whole scene through his use of colors white and gold mainly that suggests a combination of beauty and wealth. Jordan Baker is bored and discontented. She yawns more than once in this very first scene. Tom talks about a book he has read, The Rise of the Colored Empires by Goddard. It is a piece of pure Social Darwinism, advocating that the white race preserve its own purity and beat down the colored races before they rise up and overcome the whites. Daisy pretends she does not know is going on by teasing him about his size and the big words in his book. Then the telephone rings and Jordan sort of fills Nick in on what's going on about Tom and his "other woman". The rest of the evening is awkward and painful and both Tom and Daisy try and pretend nothing happened. The second Party takes place in New York and consists of Nick, Tom, Myrtle, Myrtle's sister Catherine, and a couple named McKee who live downstairs. Nick is really more of an observer than a participant. He tells us that he has been drunk just twice in his life, and the second time was the at afternoon. In any case, all the guests at the party seem to have something unnatural or wrong with them. Catherine, the sister, has "a solid, sticky bob of red hair, and a complexion powdered milky white. Her eyebrows had been plucked and then drawn on again at a more rakish angle." Mr. McKee is a pale, feminine man who has just shaved and left a spot of lather on his cheek. His wife... Free Essays on Gatsby Symbolizing the American Dream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s classic novel The Great Gatsby examines the 1920s vision of the American dream. It shows how the American dream is corrupted by wealth and power. Gatsby is a firm believer in the American dream of self-made success. He has achieved this dream, but he also has a dream of being with Daisy. Gatsby is successful, but his success is through new money. There is a difference between old money and new money. The people with old money give no respect to the people with the new money. This is shown by Tom calling Gatsby’s car a â€Å"circus wagon† (128). The social flaw of being new money imprisoned Gatsby on an emotional island. The novel uses a major literary theme to show hidden meaning. The technique of symbolism is included into the novel. The author uses symbolism by showing how the American dream can be corrupted by wealthy people with little or no morals. Fitzgerald incorporates three symbols to prove this; they are the green light at the end of the Buchanan’s dock, the eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg, and the valley of ashes. At the end of the Buchanan’s dock was a â€Å"single green light† that Gatsby reached toward (26). Green is a color that represents promise, hope, and renewal. This green light symbolizes Gatsby’s hope that the present will change to that of a great future, one where dreams come true and the where American dream is realized. His most important dream is his longing for Daisy. As Sulton said, â€Å"At this point in the novel, Gatsby can only reach longingly, from a distance toward a light he associates with his former lover.† Gatsby’s also sees the green light as a symbol of immense possibilities. Gatsby uses Nick Carraway as a window to the desperately needed green light. Nick is used as a gateway to Gatsby’s goal, Daisy. Gatsby has spent his whole life longing for something better. The green light stands for all of Gatsby’s hopes... Free Essays on Gatsby Gatsby’s Hopes and Dreams for his Future The Great Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald is recognized in American Literature as one of his greatest achievements. Many of Fitzgerald’s works research the Jazz-Age for the single American dream of happiness and wealth (Poupard, Person 146). â€Å"Critics concur that The Great Gatsby rises above being a mere chronicle of a past American era, and most believe that the novel’s continued popularity demonstrates modern America’s fascination with the American dream† (Poupard, Person 147). In this book Fitzgerald uses Gatsby to compare the real American dreamer with what has become of the American society in the 1920’s. During the 1920’s America was unable to fulfill dreams and expose the blindness in Jazz-Age Americans. â€Å"The Great Gatsby is an exploration of the American dream as it exists in a corrupt period, and it is an attempt to determine the concealed boundary that divides the reality from t he illusions† (Bewley 38). Jay Gatsby is a builder as! well as a dreamer, and Gatsby puts his all into figuring out his â€Å"ethical dream† (Minter 82). The Great Gatsby was written in a poor society with no moral virtues. Dreamers in a healthy society are respected and encouraged. However, in the twenties these people weren’t treated with the respect they deserved. â€Å"Gatsby’s dream divides into three basic and related parts: the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of ‘unutterable visions’ in the material earth† (Lockridge 11). In The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby will do anything to fulfill his hopes and dreams. Gatsby does not fulfill his hopes and dreams in his lifetime. No one knows where Gatsby comes from, what he does, or how he has become so wealthy. But in the middle of the novel Nick Carraway, the narrator discovers that Gatsby was born Jay Gatz in North Dakota. Gatsby also tell Carraway about his schooling. Gatsby says, â€Å"I am the son ... Free Essays on Gatsby â€Å"The Great Gatsby† By: F. Scott Fitzgerald In the â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, although the book is named for James Gatz, the main character is Nick Carraway, who also acts as the novel’s narrator. The narrators of many novels are not significant to the plot and just serve the purpose of telling the story. Nick, however, is quite the opposite. Though he may not seem to be the main character next to Gatsby, Nick is the one person in the book who is linked to every character and in turn connects them all to each other. Although he is more of an observer than anything in this novel, and is inclined to reserve his personal judgments, he also tries to remain uninvolved and is reluctant to act upon what he perceives to be faults of others. After his return from War, Nick decides to move to New York in the summer of 1922 to learn about the bond business. He rents a house in the West Egg district of Long Island. One weekend Nick gets together with his cousin Daisy and her husband Tom Buchanan, a rich man who lives in West Egg who is having an affair with a woman named Myrtle, the wife of George Wilson, a Gas Station owner. On this night Nick is introduced to Jordan Baker, a friend of Daisy’s and an acquaintance of Gatsby Nick's neighbor in West Egg, who lives in a gigantic mansion and throws extravagant parties every Saturday night. Nick is invited to attend one of these parties and he and Jay soon become good friends. Both have things in common, one being they both know Daisy Buchanan. It is discovered through Daisy’s friend Jordan that Jay and Daisy were once lovers, and that Jay has plans to try to win her back. As quarrels and disagreements irrupt about the love Jay wants to show Daisy she is force d to choose between two men, one from her old life and one from the new life she is living. Nick continues to abide by his many morals, however, shuns them when in contact with Gatsby and the rest o...

Trust-Mart expansion on to UKs supermarket retail market Assignment

Trust-Mart expansion on to UKs supermarket retail market - Assignment Example Competitive Strategy of Trust-Mart Since inception, Trust-Mart had showed immense growth in the retail supermarket industry. Trust-Mart operates in almost 20 areas of China. It has rapidly enhanced the number of outlets throughout China. Trust-Mart focuses on three strategies to compete in the supermarket retail environment [1] (Trust-Mart, 2011). Freshness: Trust-Mart aims to provide fresh products compared to other supermarkets in China. For maintaining freshness in its products Trust-Mart has enough employees in every department (production, marketing and distribution). By proper management, Trust-Mart is able to obtain food products quicker and much fresher. Cost: Trust-Mart strives to provide low cost for any products which makes the company a strong competitor in retail market environment of China. Trust-Mart provides impressive rate across various products. The rate of product does not affect the freshness of the products (Canton365, n.d.). Service: Trust-Mart has improved distribution network which initiates the company to provide right product to the people. Trust-Mart has experienced employees who know the needs and preferences of customers and thus provide products according to their choice. Providing better service is a competitive strategy for Trust-Mart which helps the company to make available the desired products to the customers. Michael Porter’s Generic Strategy Michael Porter had established generic strategy to identify a company’s competitive advantage. According to him a company can take three types of competitive strategies which are cost leadership, differentiation and focus. Fig 1: Porter’s Generic Strategy Diagram Source: (Provenmodels, 2011). Trust-Mart does not follow the focus strategy because the resources and assets of Trust-Mart allow it to compete on broader factors. Trust-Mart follows the differentiation strategy by making their products under their own brand name. Trust-Ma rt also follows the cost leadership strategy by providing inexpensive products to customers. Trust-Mart’s strong sales distribution makes it possible to gain cost advantage over other competitors. Critical Success Factors Core Competences For any company, the

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Final - Essay Example Enlightenment presented us with an independent human being with free will and the reason he is provided with by nature. Some ideas of the philosophers of the Enlightenment are used today. Their philosophy differs much from the medieval one. For example, for Aristotle people are animals, which are immoral by nature. The opinion of the philosophers of the Enlightenment is quite the opposite. According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, people are on the contrary good by nature, but then our reality changes them. John Locke supports this idea stating that people have a reason by nature. Philosophy of the Enlightenment presents humans as creatures with free will and masters of their own life. â€Å"New† people were intelligent and had the ability to think and develop independently. The philosophic views of John Locke were supported by Voltaire. He was an active opponent of the church and religion as it imposed multiple ungrounded restrictions on people. The period of the Enlightenment is v ery important for the European history as it is characterized by break of the religious prejudices and the revival of human soul. Numerous masterpieces in various fields of art were created during this period. The Enlightenment changed the history of Europe having reduced the influence of church by affecting people’s minds. ... â€Å""In eighteenth-century France throne and altar were commonly spoken of as in close alliance; their simultaneous collapse ... would one day provide the final proof of their interdependence† (McManners). Napoleon created the terms â€Å"nationalism†, â€Å"nation of welfare†, which influenced the actions of many leaders. Some scholars state that Napoleon is a founder of dictatorship, however, they just do not pay attention to the significance of the French Revolution, while it played a very important role in the development of the modern democracy. It is essential to mention that the Revolution changed the position of women greatly. In pre-Revolutionary France women were considered to be â€Å"failed men† with no rights and influence. â€Å"Women’s testimony is in general light and subject to variation; this is why it is taken less seriously than that of men" as opposed to men, upon whom "Nature seems to have conferred†¦ the right to gover n." In general, "men are more capable than women of ably governing particular matters" ("Women"). The revolution and the example of Napoleon’s beloved Josephine made women re-think their position and provide them with the opportunities to penetrate political sphere. The Industrial Revolution and its impact on Europe The Industrial Revolution is the transition from manual labor to machine labor, from agrarian economy to industrial manufacturing. As a result agrarian society was transformed into industrial society. The Industrial Revolution is characterized by the rapid development of manufacturing on the basis of large-scale machine industry as well as the establishment of capitalism as a main economic system in the world. The industrial Revolution

Plans for Managers & You Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Plans for Managers & You - Essay Example The benefits accrued by successful business owners attract many potential investors. My focus as a potential business owner is to understand all the concepts applicable for a successful business. Studies show that the owner sets the attitude of any successful organization (Smith, et al 42). This means that if the owner does not have substantial personal characteristics, the employees will not be motivated to work hard, making it hard for the business to achieve its objectives. Therefore, my focus is to have a sound mind full of innovative techniques to instill the ideas to my employees. Strategic planning is a key to any business success (Smith, et al 44). This is possible by emphasizing on accountability in every stage of production. It is vital to follow exact business objectives to the letter and planning for all the business activities. Implementation of the business proposals and following timelines for the various activities is crucial. Another strategy is to keep on updating the business objectives upon realization of the old ones. This is occurring because of changes in the worldwide trade. In observing all the above strategies, my future career, as an investor, in the communication industry will be a success. Larry D. Smith, et al. "Successful Outcomes Of Teaching Minority Undergraduate Students Entrepreneurial Business Planning Concepts Using Andragogy And Service Learning." Journal Of Entrepreneurship Education 13.(2010): 37-44.

Analysis of Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night

Analysis of Thomas Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night by Dylan Thomas Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wide men at their end know dark is right. Because their words had forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that good night. Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight, And learn, too late, they grieved it on its way, Do not go gentle into that good night. Grave men, near death, who see the blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light. And you, my father, there on the sad height, Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray. Do not go gentle into that good night. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Dylan Marlais Thomas, a Welsh poet known for his creative, rhythmic and original using of words and imagery, is one of the greatest Welsh poets in the early 20th century. In one of his most famous poem Do not go gentle into that good night, the author classifies men into four different categories to persuade his dying father to realize that no matter the life choices, consequences, or personalities, there is a reason to live. It is possible that Thomas uses these categories to give his father no excuses, regardless of what he did in life. Through multiple unique figurative statements of death and different people, Dylan Thomas assert that one should not die silently or just quit the life easily. Instead, the elderly should fight for their life till the end. Thomas used exhaustive method to make his opinion persuasive to his father. To show the universal relevance of his theme, the author created four different perspectives in his poem. They are the wide men who know that the cores of their lives are not knowledge and intelligence, the good men who become conscious that their good deeds won’t define their identity, the wild men who feel regretful for their shallow youth when they reach the old age, and the grave men who are exemplified in the fifth stanza â€Å"Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight/ Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay.† Men who are at the end of their lives realize that their physical disabilities can’t stop them from remaining strong or pursuing joy. Though all four men lived unalike lives, at the end of their lives, they come to the same conclusions: they should not base their identities on their youth, and they can live a wholesome life in their old age. To make his father emulate those four types of men, Thomas uses unique metaphors to create a representation of all the men. Thomas begins by invoking the wise men who, Because their words had forked no lightening they/ Do not go gentle into that good night(4-5). The wise men Thomas speaks of refuse to resign to their fates as dead men because they have not yet accomplished what they set out to do. Thomass lightening is a representative metaphor of the goals set forth by the strong that serve as motivation to continue living robustly. By idolizing these wise men, Thomas implicates that he desires his father to emulate them; to press on toward anything that may at least give him some purpose besides waiting complacently for death to lower its scythe upon him. Thomass use of other men as examples of a desired state for his father is repeated through each stanza of the poem. In Thomass third stanza, he invokes the merits of Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright/Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay(7-8). These good men strive endlessly to make their mark on the world, unsatisfied with their subjectively frail deeds until finally death catches up with them. These men rage against the dying of the light (9) because they have not yet met their goals, much like the wise men proceeding them. This passion for improvement and strength to persevere are exactly the qualities that Dylan Thomas begs his father to put forth, for Dylans own sake as much as his fathers. Other than for all men, the author also use metaphor for other objects in this poem. The use of the metaphor â€Å"that good night† (1, 6, 12, 18) gives the impression that Thomas knew that death was right. He calls it that good night instead of another ghastly term for death. However, he also calls it â€Å"the dying of the light,† (3, 9, 15, 19) which suggest a peaceful surrender. He urges his father to rage against a peaceful end and endeavor to resist his demise. Thomas uses the words night and light as metaphors for death and life and alternates them to hammer home his point. Part of this poem seems to be almost a light hearted when he declares â€Å"Old age should burn and rave at close of day,† (2) almost as if saying old people should be allowed to live long and complain as long as they do not give up. The purpose of his use of division into categories remains, however to emphasize the importance of living, leaving his father with an unmistakable argument †¦choose life. Finally, in the last stanza the intent is presented, Thomas is showing that all men no matter their experiences or situations fight for more time. He urges his father to do the same. â€Å"Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray,† (17) describes his pain and passion that are causing him to beg his father not to die. Thomas is watching his father fade and is begging for his father no to give in. It appears that his father has either peacefully surrendered himself, or rather that he has resigned himself to his fate. Other than rhyme and metaphors, Dylan Thomas also use personification to make his statement more vivid and touching. For example, personification is used in line 8, â€Å"their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay.† Frail deeds are not human beings, so they cannot dance actually. However, the verb â€Å"dance† is so energetic that it makes a high contrast with the word â€Å"frail†. Through the using of the word â€Å"dance†, readers can feel the good men are fighting with their destiny to the last moment. Besides, the word â€Å"green† also brings a feeling of life and vitality. Generally, the personification here successfully shows the effort and the determination of the good men, which gives a wonderful model for Thomas’s father. In line 10, figurative language is used, â€Å"wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight.† Later in the poem, â€Å"fierce tears† (17) is an example of assonance. Lastly, the poet describes blind eyes by using a simile, â€Å"Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,† (4). The poem evokes intense emotions from the reader, by using repetition and a variety of poetic devices. â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night† is merely words sculpted together in a specific way to stress how death needs to be repelled because it is unfair and takes the best with it first. Mastermind Dylan Thomas encountered a way to flash colorful images through readers’ minds, along with symbolism and metaphors which foreshadow what he really means. That, plus his way of intertwining the pieces together into nineteen lines with ten syllables each makes this villanelle a wonderful work to read and comprehend. Thomas’ purpose was to convince his dear father, the man whom he looked up to, to fight, because the effort meant everything. Reading this passionate and driving poem, â€Å"Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,† will provoke excitement and meaning to seniors who seem to have lost all reason to live.

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- History Historical Essay

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field would not have been made or pursued without his preliminary research into this previously uncharted territory of computer science. This early research in artificial intelligence has led to many of the most important technological advances of all time. By loo king at John McCarthy’s life and a few of these applications of artificial intelligence, it is easy to see how much of an impact the field of artificial intelligence has had on our world. John McCarthy was born in 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, a journalist for the Federated Press wire service, and his father, a fisherman, carpenter, and a union organizer, were both Communist party activists. â€Å"McCarthy has ascribed his early interest in science to his family’s political views, pointing to their general belief that technology was good for humanity†2. Due to his family’s controversial political views, John was kept on the move for most of his childhood, first to New York and then on to Los Angeles. As a junior in... ...ries that will help society just as much, if not more, than a true artificial intelligence. Works Cited 1Morales, Edu. Online: http://web.mit.edu/STS001/www/Team7/home.html 2 Ibid. 3Weiss, Sonia. â€Å"John McCarthy†. Online: http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/mccarthy.html 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Christiansen, Brian. â€Å"History of Speech Recognition†. Online: http://www.stanford.edu/~jmaurer/history.htm 8Howard-Spink, Sam. Online: http://www.research.ibm.com/thinkresearch/pages/2002/20020918_speech.shtml 9Ibid. 10 â€Å"Remote Control in Deep Space.† Science News Weekly. 29 May 1999. 11Artificial Intelligence. Exploration Systems Autonomy Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Online: http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/ 12Roush, Wade. â€Å"Immbots Take Control.† Technology Review. December 2002-January 2003.

Monsato Company †A Question in Agricultural Ethics Essay

Monsato Company is a Missouri-based company founded in 1901 by John F. Queeny and his wife Olga Monsato producing saccharine. In the mid-1940s, Monsato Co. began developing agricultural chemicals and throughout the 1960s and 1970s, herbicides were developed and introduced to the farmers. In 1981, a research group was established and the business’s primary focus was molecular biotechnology. In 1982, Monsato Co. bought Jacob Hartz Seed Co., a company known in the Midwest for its soybeen seeds. Also in 1982, scientists working for Monsato Co. produced the first genetically modified plant. In 1996, RoundUp Ready Soybeans were introduced possessing an in-seed herbicide. Several other in-seed herbicides are introduced in 1997 by Monsato Co. such as RoundUp Ready Cotton and RoundUp Ready Canola. Also introduced is an in-seed insect protection called YieldGard Corn Borer. In 1998, Monsato Co. combines the technology of in-seed herbicides with their in-seed insecticides into one product for its corn seed. In 2002, Monsato Co. identifies corn hybrids, which yield more ethanol per bushel than normal corn. Later this same year, they also identify a similar hybrid in their soybeans, which will produce more oil than a normal soybean. In 2004, Monsato Co. creates American Seeds, Inc (ASI) to support regional seed business with capital, genetics, and technology investments. In 2005, Monsato Co. acquires four companies Fontanelle Hybrids, based in Fontanelle, Neb, Stewart Seeds, based in Greensburg, Ind., Trelay Seeds, based in Livingston, Wis., and Stone Seeds, based in Pleasant Plains, Ill. In 2006, they acquire several other local seed companies, some family-owned, including Diener Seeds, Sieben Hybrids, Kruger Seed Company, Trisler Seed Farms, Gold Country Seed, Inc., Heritage Seeds and Campbell Seed. Over the next several years, they also acquire other local and regional companies and continue their research and development of genetically altered seeds. Over the course of a few decades, Monsato Co. has gone from a small company making saccharine to a Midwest agricultural giant manufacturing genetically altered seed. 1 A Possible Solution: Deregulation Although the idea of producing more crops with less cost, such as additional chemicals, pesticides, and herbicides may sound, the fact remains that Monsato Co. is not only toying with nature, they are also putting smaller family-owned companies out of business. In the past several years, organic foods have become more popular. Consumers want to feed their families healthy food, not food filled with chemicals. In 2005, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) decided to back Monsato and other biotech companies by supporting the deregulation of genetically engineered (GE) alfalfa. This would mean that the GE companies would have no restrictions on their technology and its use.2 Deregulation has its obvious problems. Organic crop company leaders, such as Stonyfield, Whole Foods, and OrganicValley believe that GE crops use a higher amount of toxins, herbicides, and water. Also the claims of higher crop yield will not be met and the price of this seed will be too costly for the average farmer. There is also the potential of cross-contamination of crops where a farmer using GE seed spreads the toxins to his organic neighbor through groundwater. This could lead to the organic farmer’s crops getting contaminated and his losing his license to sell organic products. Stonyfield and other organic companies opposed this ruling and in 2010 it went to the Supreme Court. The decision was that deregulation could not take place without the USDA making an environmental assessment of the genetically enhanced seeds used, and an injunction was put in place preventing the planting of GE alfalfa seeds. David and Goliath Biotech companies lobbied heavily in Washington. However, the smaller organic supporters caught the ear of the USDA and as a result persuaded them to conduct a meeting of the minds of both sides. The problem was clear – there was an incredible amount of support, political and financial, in favor of GE alfalfa. The result was that the UDSA would allow deregulation. The organic companies and farmers were faced with the fact that GE alfalfa was here to stay. What was left to fight over was whether it would be complete deregulation or one with restrictions. In their opinion, it was better to have some measure of control than no control at all, so the organic community stayed and fought. They brought to the table demands for reassurance that â€Å"(a) organic farmers whose crops become contaminated by GE alfalfa must be compensated by the patent holders for their losses due to losing their organic certification and (b) the USDA must oversee all testing and monitoring of GE crops t o ensure compliance as part of its role in protecting all US agriculture.† 3 The organic community won that portion of the battle. Conclusion The organic community may have won that battle, but they lost the war. Chemical companies and genetically engineered seed are a mainstay in today’s agriculture. Along with that they bring with them the potential for contaminated soil and damaged and lost crops of the small, everyday farmer. These farmers and family-owned businesses are being swallowed up on a regular basis. As the world’s population grows so does the demand for an ever increasing need of better, more enhanced, products. Technology provides us with the knowledge and growth for these, but in its wake leaves behind the things that matter very much to — clean air, clean soil, fresh water and â€Å"pure† food. References 1) Monsato. (2010). Monsato. Retrieved from http://www.monsanto.com 2) Pearson, C. (2010, March). The Most Unethical Company is also Best Corporate Citizen. Cause Integration http://www.causeintegration.com/2010/ the-most-unethical-companyis-a-best-corporate-citizen-what-gives/ 3) Hirshberg, G. (2011, January). Speaking with One Voice to Stop Monsato and Biotech. Huffington Post, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/gary-hirshberg/speaking-with-one-voice-t_b_816447.html

11th Commandment - Definition in Politics

11th Commandment - Definition in Politics The 11th commandment is an informal rule in the Republican Party mistakenly attributed to Presidential Ronald Reagan that discourages attacks on members of the party and encourages candidates to be kind to each other. The 11th commandment states: Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican. The other thing about the 11th commandment: Nobody pays attention to it anymore. The 11th commandment  is not meant to discourage healthy debate over policy or political philosophy between Republican candidates for office. It is designed to prevent GOP candidates from launching into personal attacks that would damage the eventual nominee in his general-election contest with the Democratic opponent or preclude him from taking office. In modern politics, the 11th commandment has failed to prevent Republicans candidates from attacking each other. A good example is the 2016 Republican presidential primaries, in which eventual nominee and President-elect Donald Trump routinely disparaged his opponents. Trump referred to Republican U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio as little Marco, U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz as Lyin Ted, and former Florida Jeb Bush as a very low energy kind of guy. The 11th commandment is dead, in other words. Origin of 11th Commandment The origin of the 11th commandment is most often credited to former Republican President Ronald Reagan. Though Reagan used the term many times to discourage infighting in the GOP, he did not come up with 11th commandment. The term was first used by Calfornias Republican Party chairman, Gaylord B. Parkinson, before Reagans first campaign for governor of that state in 1966. Parkinson had inherited a party that was deeply divided. While Parkinson is believed to have first issued that commandment Thou shalt not speak ill of any Republican, he added: Henceforth, if any Republican has a grievance against another, that grievance is not to be bared publicly. The term 11th commandment is a reference to the original 10 commandments handed down by God on how humans should behave. Reagan is often mistakenly given credit with coining the 11th commandment because he was a devout believer in it since first running for political office in California. Reagan wrote in the autobiography An American Life: The personal attacks against me during the primary finally became so heavy that the state Republican chairman, Gaylord Parkinson, postulated what he called the Eleventh Commandment: Thou shalt not speak ill of any fellow Republican. Its a rule I followed during that campaign and have ever since. When Reagan challenged President Gerald Ford for the Republican nomination in 1976, he declined to attack his opponent. I will not put aside the 11th commandment for anyone, Reagan said in announcing his candidacy. 11th Commandment Role in Campaigns The 11th commandment itself has become a line of attack during Republican primaries. Republican candidates often accuse their intraparty rivals of violating the 11th commandment by running negative television ads or leveling misleading charges. In the 2012 Republican presidential contest, for example, Newt Gingrich accused a super PAC that was supporting front-runner Mitt Romney of violating the 11th commandment in the run-up to the Iowa Caucuses. The super PAC, Restore Our Future, questioned Gingrichs record as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Gingrich responded on the campaign trail in Iowa by saying, I believe in Reagans 11th commandment. He then went on to criticize Romney, calling the former governor a Massachusetts moderate, among other things. Erosion of 11th Commandment Some conservative thinkers have argued that most Republican candidates have forgotten about or simply choose to ignore the 11th commandment in modern politics. They believe the abandonment of the principle has undermined the Republican Party in elections. In a tribute to Reagan following his death in 2004, U.S. Sen. Byron L. Dorgan said the 11th commandment has been long forgotten, regrettably. I am afraid that todays politics have taken a turn for the worse. President Reagan was agressive in debate but always respectful. I believe he personified the notion that you can disagree without being disagreeable. The 11th commandment was not intended to prohibit Republican candidates from engaging in reasonable debates over policy or pointing out differences between themselves and their rivals. Reagan, for example, was unafraid of challenging his fellow Republicans over their policy decisions and political ideology. Reagans interpretation of the 11th commandment was that the rule was meant to discourage personal attacks between Republican candidates. The line between a spirited conversation over policy and philosophical difference, though, and speaking ill of an opponent is often blurry.

Culture Specific Syndrome Essays

Culture Specific Syndrome Essays Culture Specific Syndrome Paper Culture Specific Syndrome Paper ultural Bound Syndromes Culture-bound syndrome The term culture-bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) which also includes a list of the most common culture-bound conditions (DSM-IV: Appendix I). Included in DSM-IV-TR (4th. ed) the term cultural-bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality-specific patterns of abnormal behavior and troubling experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM-IV-TR diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are naturally considered to be illnesses, or at least afflictions, and most have local names. Although presentations conforming to the major DSM-IV-TR categories can be found throughout the world, the particular symptoms, course, and social response are very often influenced by local cultural factors. In contrast, cultural-bound syndromes are generally limited to specific societies or culture areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations. In medicine, a culture-specific syndrome or culture-bound syndrome is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture. There are no objective biochemical or structural alterations of body organs or functions, and the disease is not recognized in other cultures. While a substantial portion of mental disorders, in the way they are manifested and experienced, are at least partially conditioned by the culture in which they are found, some disorders are more culture-specific than others. The concept of culture-bound syndromes is very controversial and many psychologists, medical doctors, and anthropologists reject the concept. The identification of culture-specific syndromes: A culture-specific syndrome is characterized by: categorization as a disease in the culture (i. e. , not a voluntary behavior or false claim); widespread familiarity in the culture; complete lack of familiarity of the condition to people in other cultures; no objectively demonstrable biochemical or tissue abnormalities (symptoms); the condition is usually recognized and treated by the folk medicine of the culture. Some culture-specific syndromes involve somatic symptoms (pain or disturbed function of a body part), while others are purely behavioral. Some culture-bound syndromes appear with similar features in several cultures, but with locally-specific traits, such as penis panics. A culture-specific syndrome is not the same as a geographically localized disease with specific, identifiable, causal tissue abnormalities, such as kuru or sleeping sickness, or genetic conditions limited to certain populations. It is possible that a condition originally assumed to be a culture-bound behavioral syndrome is found to have a biological cause; from a medical perspective it would then be redefined into another nosological category. Western medical perspectives: An interesting aspect of culture-specific syndromes is the extent to which they are â€Å"real†. Characterizing them as â€Å"imaginary† is as inaccurate as characterizing them as â€Å"malingering†, but there is no clear way to understand them from a Western scientific perspective. Culture-specific syndromes shed light on how our mind decides that symptoms are connected and how a society defines a known â€Å"disease†. In contrast, culture-bound syndromes are generally limited to specific societies or culture areas and are localized, folk, diagnostic [comma sic] categories that frame coherent meanings for certain repetitive, patterned, and troubling sets of experiences and observations. Medical care of the condition is challenging and illustrates a truly fundamental but rarely discussed aspect of the physician-patient relationship: the need to negotiate a diagnosis that fits the way of looking at the body and its diseases of both parties. The physician may do any of the following: Share the way the patient sees the disorder, and offer the folk medicine treatment, recognize it as a culture-bound syndrome, but pretend to share the patient’s perspectives and offer the folk medicine reatment or a new improvised treatment, recognize it as a culture-bound syndrome but try to educate the patient into seeing the condition as the physician sees it. The problem with the first choice is that physicians who pride themselves on their knowledge of disease like to think they know the difference between culture-specific disorders and â€Å"organic† diseases. While the second choice may be the quickest and most comfortable choice, the physician must deliberately deceiv e the patient. Currently in Western culture this is considered one of the most unethical things a physician can do, whereas in other times and cultures deception with benevolent intent has been an accepted tool of treatment. The third choice is the most difficult and time-consuming to do without leaving the patient disappointed, insulted, or lacking confidence in the physician, and may leave both physician and patient haunted by doubts (â€Å"Maybe the condition is real. † or â€Å"Maybe this doctor doesn’t know what s/he is talking about. †). Root-work/Obeah: DSM IV-TR (2000), states that a set of cultural interpretations that ascribe illness to hexing, witchcraft, sorcery, or the evil influence of another person. Symptoms may include generalized anxiety and gastrointestinal complaints (e. g. , nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), weakness, dizziness, the fear of being poisoned, and sometimes fear of being killed (voodoo death). DSM IV-TR site roots, spells, or hexes can be put or placed on other persons, causing a variety of emotional and psychological problems. The hexed person may even fear death until the root has been taken off, or eliminated usually through the work of the root doctor (a healer in this tradition), who can also be called on to bewitch an enemy. Roots is found in the southern United States among both African-American and European American populations and in the Caribbean societies. Obeah (sometimes spelled Obi) is a term used in the West Indies to refer to folk magic, sorcery, and religious practices derived from Central African and West African origins. Obeah can either be a form of dark magic or good magic. As such, Obeah is similar to Palo, Voodoo, Santeria, root-work, and hoodoo. Obeah (another name used in the Caribbean society) is practiced in Suriname, Jamaica, Haiti, the Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, and Belize, the Bahamas, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados and many other Caribbean countries. Obeah is associated with both benign and malign magic, charms, luck, and with mysticism in general. In some Caribbean nations Obeah refers to African diasporic folk religions; in other areas, Christians may include elements of Obeah in their religion. Obeah is often associated with the Spiritual Baptist church. Origins: In Jamaica, slaves from different areas of Africa were brought into contact, creating some conflicts between those who practiced varying African religions. Those of West African Ashanti descent, who called their priests Myal men (also spelled Mial men), used the Ashanti term Obi or Obeah meaning sorcery to describe the practices of slaves of Central African descent. Thus those who worked in a Congo form of folk religion were called Obeah men or sorcerers. Obeah also came to mean any physical object, such as a talisman or charm that was used for evil magical purposes. However, despite its fearsome reputation, Obeah, like any other form of folk religion and folk magic, contains many traditions for healing, helping, and bringing about luck in love and money. Elements (key features/symptoms) According to Hughes, Simons Wintrob, 1997 study, knowledge about a culture-bound syndrome, can address the relationship between the culture-bound syndrome and the more familiar psychiatric disorders, such as those in DSM-IV. These researchers call this the comorbidity question on the assumption that studying the culture-bound syndromes patterned relationship to psychiatric diagnoses is a more fruitful approach than attempting prematurely to subsume it into the DSM diagnostic categories. Systematic research has identified strong correlations between culture-bound syndromes and criteria for psychiatric disorder, but there is rarely a one-to-one relationship between culture-bound syndrome and psychiatric disorder. The culture-bound syndromes often coexist with a range of psychiatric disorders, as many psychiatric disorders do with each other. The comorbidity question brings culture-bound syndrome research in line with current approaches in psychiatric research. Differences in the symptomatic, emotional, and contextual aspects of cultural syndromes, in turn, may signal different comorbid relationships with psychiatric diagnosis or even the lack of such a relationship. Opinion The extra ordinary addition of culture-bound syndromes in DSM-IV provides the opportunity for improving the need to study such syndromes and the chance for developing a research to study them. The growing ethnic and cultural diversity of the U. S. population presents a challenge to the mental health field to develop truly cross-cultural approaches to mental health research and services. This addition will give researchers the chance to study the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric diagnoses. In my opinion a research program based on key questions is still unanswered, which is understanding culture-bound syndromes within their cultural context and to analyze the relationship between these syndromes and psychiatric disorders. Reference DSM -IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Hughes CC, Simons RC, Wintrob RM: The Culture-Bound Syndromes and DSM-IV, in DSM-IV Sourcebook, vol 3. Edited by Widiger TA, Frances AJ, Pincus HA, Ross R, First MB, Davis W. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1997, pp 991–1000 Retrieved July 29, 2009 from American Journal of Psychiatry.

Computer Crime & Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Computer Crime & Identity Theft - Essay Example For the purposes of this paper, the particular computer crime will be concentrated in the area of identity theft and the impact it has both personally and economically on the individual and society. What is Identity Theft? The encyclopedic definition of identity theft is the use of another person’s identity, i.e. financial, personal, geographic or another source, to commit fraud or other types of misrepresentation. By using another person's social security number, drivers license number, date of birth, address, online information one may open bank accounts, apply for loans and credit cards, get a cell phone and so on. In addition to financial loss that can result from identity theft, by using another’s identity the credit history and even the legal history of the victim can be damaged in the extreme. ("Identity Theft," 2007) According to the Identity Theft and Assumption Act of 1998, identity theft (ID theft), occurs when someone is "knowingly transferring or using, without lawful authority, a means of identification of another person with the intent to commit, or to aid or abet, in the unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of federal law." It is a federal crime. (Alt, 2007, p. 67) Until recently all Computer Crime was difficult to prosecute for a number of reasons. One of the biggest problems is that large companies often refuse to publicize their involvement when someone has hacked into their system and stolen data or damaged programs and information. By revealing that their systems have been compromised a company may subject itself to a loss of consumer confidence and potentially lose many clients, depending on the product or service they offer.   The company may also be subjected to lawsuits from clients who claim that there was no due diligence performed as regards the security of their information. It is estimated that between twenty-five and fifty percent of all business have experienced some sort of intrusion or breach of security of their computer networks.

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Management - Essay Example One of the greatest differences between marketing to business and marketing to consumers is that B2B marketing is more dependent on relationship building, thus increasing the value of relationship and building brand identity on the basis of personal relationship. Another difference is that the target market is smaller and should be carefully identified. A marketing strategy for the business market should be developed taking into consideration multi-step buying process and longer sales cycle. In addition, while the goal of consumer marketing is to make a shopper a customer (emotional buying decisions can be made), the major aim of business marketing is to provide the business with business value – organizations, in most cases, make rather rational buying decisions. Therefore, multiple individuals within the target organization should be educated on the value of the product, because business procurement is a multi-step process. Historically, the auto industry is heavily affected by the 5 external environments (macro-level). For each of the five (social/cultural, political and legal, competitive, technological, and economic) discuss three aspects within each environment that would impact the marketing planning for the next couple of years.

The Emerging Role of Nurses in the Patient Protection and Affordable Research Paper

The Emerging Role of Nurses in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Research Paper Example One of the things that stood out to me the most about the condition of this clinic was their need for medical staff. The free clinic was within two miles of three major hospital systems, and sat in the literal shadows of one of these systems in the late afternoon; yet with all of these highly skilled and highly trained medical personnel in the surrounding area, the free clinic still lacked for providers. This shocked me. Yet despite my confusion, one of the providers at the free clinic explained to me that the shortage of practitioners, particularly nurses, was felt at the large clinics surrounding our free clinic as much as at the free clinic, and as I later found out, could be found in areas as diverse as primary care nursing and oncology nursing (Bishop, 2010). I quickly realized this was an effect of the current ‘sick care’ system. ... To overcome this problem, I realized that a supply and demand solution would be required to move our current system from a sick care system to a health care system. In a 2011 interview in the New England Journal of Medicine, Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius echoes this idea by saying, â€Å"I believe that refocusing health interventions at an earlier stage, placing more focus on health and wellness strategies, would help reduce demand and promote population health.† (Iglehart, 2011) In this quote, Sebelius shows the supply and demand solution necessary to convert the sick care system to a health care system. By emphasizing health and wellness strategies at earlier stages, Sebelius is hypothesizing that, while a greater investment may be required up front, these efforts will eventually keep people healthier in the long term, and will create a true health care system: one in which the goal of providers is to keep patients healthy and prevent sickness, not just treat the sickness as it occurs. She further explains this idea and how it could help the provider shortage I witnessed by saying, â€Å"Unfortunately, the shortage of [providers] has been ignored for a decade or more, along with the fact that doctors whose practices are devoted to primary care are under paid compared with specialists. So starting with the stimulus law and continuing in the ACA, there has been a significant focus on expanding the pipeline of primary care practitioners, gerontologists, and general surgeons†¦ We have also put more money into nurse training and education†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Iglehart, 2011) Clearly, the new health care law has the vision to transform the sick care system into a

Patterns of Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Patterns of Behaviour Essay To form a reaction the particles must collide in high speed. The faster the particles collide the more kinetic energy is produced. This produces a bigger reaction. There are five key variables that affect the rate of a reaction (in this case with a solid and a solution): Change in temperature An increase in heat energy within the particles leads to more kinetic energy. Therefore there is more collision of particles and it increases the rate of the reaction. When we decrease the amount of heat energy, this will evidently slow down the reaction. For example we slow down the process of our food rotting by placing it in a fridge or a freezer. Change in concentration The concentrations of acids are classed in molars, so 2m would quite a strong concentrated acid, 0. 5m would be a very dilute weak acid and 1m would be in between the two. Also, the more concentrated the acid, the more particles it contains, so there is more of a chance for collisions.   Change of particle size Increasing the surface area of the particles would lead to more collision. We do this by making the particles smaller. For instance peeling a large potato would not take as long as peeling four small potatoes; this is because the smaller potatoes have a larger surface area for you to peel. Pressure (for gases only) Increasing the pressure would bring particles closer together so there would be more of a chance for collision.   Catalyst A catalyst lowers the activation of energy required, consequently there being a faster reaction. The three variables we are choosing to show which effect the rate of reaction in our experiments are: Particle size Concentration   Temperature Pressure was inappropriate to use as a variable, because we were not using two gases and a catalyst was unsuitable to use for small tests like these. I think that the tests in changing the temperature will have the fastest times, as the hotter a solution is the more the particles will move and collide, thus the rate of carbon dioxide being produce will be faster. I also think that the large particles test will take the slowest amount of time because of the lack of surface area and the reverse will occur with the test with powered calcium carbonate. Plan We will be running a various number of experiments to prove what effects the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate (marble chips) and hydrochloric acid. The balanced equation for these reactants along with the products: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water Ca Co + 2 HCl Ca Cl + Co + H O When experimenting with the effects of the particle size we will use three sizes: large marble chips, small marble chips and powered calcium carbonate. For the tests in concentration of acid we will use 2m, 1m and 0. 5m. We will use 50cc of hydrochloric acid in each test to guarantee precise results. Finally for the experiments with the changes of temperature we will be heating the acid using a bunsen burner for two temperatures: 30i and 40i , then leaving the acid at room temperature (around 22i ). We will measure the temperature accurately using a thermometer. These will be the only three things that we are going to vary, to explain what affects the rate of reaction. We will also only be testing one variable at a time. For example, in the test for concentration we will obviously be varying the concentration of the acid (0. 5, 1 and 2m) but we will be keeping the temperature and the particle size the same (room temp. and small marble chips). To tell us what actually affects the rate of reaction we will monitoring how fast carbon dioxide is given off. To find this out we will have a plastic basin containing water. A test tube measuring 10cc filled with water will be held upside down in the basin of water and a delivery tube will be attached to the beaker holding the acid and calcium carbonate and the other end will be positioned in the test tube in the water. We will use all the same apparatus to ensure everything is fairly tested and is accurate to the equipment we are using. As the acid reacts with the calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide is released. This will travel through the delivery tube and into the test tube. The test tube will fill up with carbon dioxides and the water will pushed out. We will be timing this with a stop clock. As the water descends to 1cc we will record the time, then at 2cc, again at 3cc and so forth. At the end of each experiment we should have 10 times recorded. For each factor, instead of just performing the experiment once, we will repeat it three times to provide us with a more accurate end result. In total we will be doing 27 tests to show what effects the rate of reaction. Diagram To make certain that this method is good enough and to certify that it worked properly we will carried out a trail experiment. We used all the average variables for fair testing. So the temperature was at room (22i ) the concentration not to strong or weak (1m) and the small marble chips. Trial experiment results 1 molar room temperature small marble chips Min/sec 1cc 1:41 2cc 3:15 3cc 4:46 4cc 6:13 5cc 7:35 6cc 9:03 7cc 10:34 8cc 11:56 9cc 13:27 10cc 14:33 The carbon dioxide was released very slowly in this test. It took over fourteen and a half minutes for it to finish and this would not be practical because of the limited time been given to conduct all our experiments. It took so long, because we had only put one small marble chip in. There were no more calcium carbonate particles to react with the acid particles, so this had a dramatic effect on the time. On In each test we do we will always place more particles than the amount we need, so there is excess calcium carbonate at the end to make sure it does not run out during the test. Because this was the first time we were trying the tests out we were a bit slow placing the bung on and maybe some of the carbon dioxide had escaped. To improve our main experiments to achieve accurate results we had to place the bung on as soon as we dropped in the calcium carbonate to make sure no carbon dioxide escaped. Results Concentration 0. 5 molar room temperature small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd Average Temperature Room temperature 1molar small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd AverageAnalysis On the concentration graph the average of the 0. 5m results was looked very different compared to the 1m and 2m averages. Because it took the longest time to reach 10cc of carbon dioxide, the gradient of the line of best fit sloped very gently. The release of carbon dioxide started off very slow at the being. It took 1:30 minutes to reach 1cc, then the rate quickened and in 2 minutes 5cc of carbon dioxide had been given off. On the graph the gradient in those two minutes steepened. The rate slowed down after that and the release of carbon dioxide was gradual and steady.

Keats’ Love for Fanny Brawne in The Eve of St. Agnes Essay -- Essays P

Keats’ Love for Fanny Brawne in The Eve of St. Agnes â€Å"For myself I know not how to express my devotion to so fair a form: I want a brighter word than bright, a fairer word than fair. I almost wish we were butterflies and liv’d but three summer days—three such days with you I could fill with more delight than fifty common years could ever contain† –John Keats to Fanny Brawne (Bate 538). As the colloquial phrase goes†¦behind every great man, lies a great woman, but in John Keats’ case, the woman is neither great nor his superior but inspires greatness in the Romantic poet. This woman calls herself Fanny Brawne. She was intellectually inferior to Keats, but her sprightly character added rich, sensuosity to his writing. John Keats always had a fondness for folklore and medieval tales. He dreamt of being a chivalric knight, riding on a white steed to rescue his damsel. In early childhood Keats would go to a rustic arbor, find his niche, and read Edmund Spenser’s â€Å"Faery Queen†: it â€Å"awakened his genius,† and â€Å"he was enchanted, breathed in a new world, and became another being† (Bate 75). Fanny Brawne is Keats’ â€Å"Faery Queen,† and her spirit inspires the sensuous, rife, and feminine qualities of â€Å"The Eve of St. Agnes.† Fanny Brawne and John Keats first interacted in November 1818 at Wentworth Place. He first became infatuated and entranced in her differences from himself. While distinguishing her uniqueness, John says she â€Å"liked me for my own sake and for nothing else—I have met with women whom I really think would like to be married to a Poem (Bate 428). She enjoyed literature, art, and music, but her special interest was fashion—all the sumptuous textures, colors, and styles. Joanna Richardson describes Fan... .... He has wooed with tender, sweet kisses of poetry. Keats does likewise. Since he cannot physically show Fanny her value, he arouses her with images of â€Å"lavendered† linens, â€Å"candied† confections, and â€Å"cinnamon† succulence. The verdant, active language Keats utilizes in â€Å"The Eve of St. Agnes† adumbrates his ardent love for Fanny Brawne and proves the power of poetry. Works Cited - Bate, Walter Jackson. John Keats. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1963. - Keats, John. â€Å"The Eve of St. Agnes.† The Oxford Anthology of English Literature, Romantic Poetry and Prose. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. 524-35. - Richardson, Joanna. Fanny Brawne, A Biography. Great Britain: Vanguard Press, 1952. - Wordsworth, William. â€Å"The Tables Turned.† The Oxford Anthology of English Literature, Romantic Poetry and Prose. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. 128-29.

Classic Pen Co. Case

Classic Pen Co. Case In the past Classic Pen Company had been the low-cost producer of black and blue pens and had profit margins over 20% of sales. Over the last five years Pen Co. decided to start producing red and purple pens. They require the same basic production technology but can be sold at 3% and 10% premium selling prices. Sales Manager Dennis Selmor is just seeing the financial results and is not happy with the numbers. The first issue that Pen Co. is facing is their decline in profitability. Even though the numbers show the red and purple pens are more profitable individually (red 14. %, purple 18. 2%), the overall return on sales is declining (13. 5%). A second issue that Pen Co. has is the issue of addition of resource costs. It requires a substantial amount of time for physical changeover of production from one colour pen to another. Particularly changing from another colour to red. The final issue Pen Co. faces is the increase of costs related to scheduling and purchas ing activities. Most of the indirect labour costs and computer system costs are related to scheduling and purchasing.Pen Company’s declining profitability could be based on the amount of the company’s overhead. They have determined overhead to be 300% of direct labour costs, when previously the overhead cost was only 200%. The make-up of this overhead is indirect labour, fringe benefits, computer systems, machinery, maintenance, and energy. The reason for such a large increase in overhead is because of the higher demand for indirect costs due to the addition of more complex and specialized products. While the cost for direct labour per one unit is the same for each colour of pen produced.The cost for indirect labour is made up of three different activities: 50% for handling production runs ($10,000), 40% for physical changeover or set up costs ($8,000), and 10% for maintaining records or parts administration ($2,000). The cost for computer systems is made up of two act ivities: 80% for production run activities ($8,000), and 20% for record keeping or parts administration ($2,000). Finally the remaining indirect costs are the machinery ($8,000), maintenance ($4,000), and energy ($2,000).These are all used to supply the machine with the capacity to produce the pens with a total of $14,000. Overall Classic Pen Co. must improve upon several areas of demand in order to increase its profitability similar to what it had been in the past. They need to increase their planning and try to adjust their current planning system and organizing. They could invest in more computers to increase the amount of scheduling being done by computers and as a result lower their indirect labour costs.Finally I recommend they should invest in some more machines to produce the different colour pens in. This would have a high cost of capital but would eventually save the company money in the labour cost and time required for the physical changeover between colours Calculation Page Indirect LabourMachine Support Handling Production Runs = 10,000Machinery = 8,000 Set Up = 8,000Maintenance = 4,000 Parts Administration = 2,000Energy = 2,000 Fringe Indirect Labour = 8,000Total = 14,000 Computer SupportFringe for Direct LabourHandling Production Runs = 8,000Fringe = 8,000 Parts Administration = 2,000 Total Overhead = 60,000 Calculating Activity Rate Activities| Activity Cost| Cost Driver #| Calculation| Activity Rate| 1) Handling PR| 22,000| 150| 22,000/150| 146. 67 / Run| 2) Set Up| 12,000| 526| 12,000/526| 22. 81 / Hour| 3) Parts Admin. | 4,000| 4| 4,000/4| 1000 / Product| 4) Machine Support| 14,000| 10,000| 14,000/10,000| 1. 4 / Hour| 5) Fringe DL| 8,000| 20,000| 8,000/20,000| 0. 4 / DL Cost| Total| 60,000| | | |

Use Of Tobacco In Australia Health And Social Care Essay

Australia has been one of the taking counties that have a great path record of baccy control. In Australia, there are around 3 million people who smoke on a regular basis between the ages of 18 to 25. The addition in baccy control strategies that increased the monetary value of baccy merchandises have changed the manner people smoke. In a recent survey, economic experts valued the nest eggs associated with avoided deceases and related diminutions in unwellness and disablement due to cut down baccy usage in Australia over the last 30 old ages at $ 8.6b ( NTS 2004 ) . The aims of the National Tobacco Strategy are the undermentioned: To assist forestall smoking uptake To assist and promote as many tobacco users as possible to discontinue smoke every bit shortly as they are able. To take exposures to harmful tobacco fume among non-smokers. If able, cut downing the harmful effects of continued usage of baccy and nicotine. Tobacco control schemes such as these increases the monetary value of baccy merchandises which changes people ‘s attitudes towards smoking through ordinances and runs that cut down baccy usage. ( NTS 2004 ) Regulation of Tobacco Promotion of Quit and Smoke free messages Cessation services and intervention Community support and instruction Addressing societal, economic and cultural determiners of wellness Tailoring enterprises for deprived groups Research, rating and monitoring & A ; surveillanceRegulation of TobaccoThe purpose of the NTS is to extinguish all promotional merchandises of baccy by those in the baccy trade, and to seek to turn to to them of the injury caused by other positive portraitures of smoke in the media.Promotion of Quit and Smoke free messagesThe purpose of the NTS is to do the wellness hazards of smoking more personal and to increase people ‘s resoluteness in discontinuing and assist them be cognizant of many effectual therapies and contact inside informations for services.Cessation services and interventionThe purpose of the NTS is to guarantee that every Australian tobacco user who are in contact with the wellness attention system are identified and be advised to discontinue, and that tobacco users who are likely to hold jobs discontinuing from smoking have easy entree to many appropriate and effectual pharmacotherapy ‘s.Community support and instructionThe purpose of the NTS to lend attem pts to forestall kids from smoke, and to guarantee that the community is intelligent about smoke.Addressing societal, economic and cultural determiners of wellnessThe purpose of the NTS is to cut down societal disaffection, along with many other negative effects by smoking and to put in baccy control as a cardinal scheme for forestalling and cut downing societal disadvantage.Tailoring enterprises for deprived groupsThe purpose of the NTS is to guarantee easy entree to many intervention, information and services for people in extremely disadvantaged groups who suffer from many smoking related injury.Research, rating and monitoring & A ; surveillanceThe purpose of the NTS is to guarantee that research is conducted to measure the demands and place utile attacks and that appropriate systems are in topographic point to measure the cost-effectiveness of plans and policies and the extent to which these are being achieved. Harmonizing to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotions, wellness publicity actions means Building Public wellness policies, Create supportive environments, Strengthen Community actions, develop personal accomplishments, Reorient Health service and traveling into the hereafter.Build Healthy Public PolicyHealth publicity policy combines attacks including financial steps, revenue enhancement statute law, and organisational alteration. Health publicity policy now requires the designation of obstructions to the acceptance of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways of taking them. The purpose must be to do the healthier pick the easier pick for policy shapers every bit good ( Talbot and Verrinder, 2010, erectile dysfunction. 4, p.266 ) .Create Supportive EnvironmentsThe guiding rule for the universe, states, parts and communities likewise, is the demand to promote them to take attention of each other, our communities and our natural environment. The demand to conserve natu ral resources throughout the universe should turns into a planetary duty.Strengthen Community ActionsCommunity development needs bing stuff and human resources in the community to better societal support and to increase public engagement in wellness affairs. This will necessitate uninterrupted entree to more information and changeless support support.Develop Personal SkillsTeaching people to larn throughout their life, to fix them to manage populating with chronic unwellness and hurts is really of import. This has been maintained at place, school, work and in the community.Reorient Health ServicessHealth services will be required to encompass an expanded authorization which is really sensitive and respects cultural demands. This authorization will be required to back up the demands of different persons and communities for a more fitter life.Traveling into the FutureHealth is created by caring for oneself and others, by being able to take determinations and have control over one â₠¬Ëœs life fortunes, and by guaranting that the society one lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of wellness by all its members ( Talbot and Verrinder, 2010, erectile dysfunction. 4, p.266 ) .Progress/ ImprovementsIn my sentiment, the National Tobacco Strategy 2004-2009 was a well designed plan but there are still countries in the plan that needs farther betterment. The effectivity of this plan is reflected on the consequences of the figure of baccy consumption in Australia since the plan started. The NTS 2004-2009, in relation to the Ottawa Charter for Health publicities has met the demands on what wellness publicity actions truly intend such as Building Healthy Public Policy and so on. The National Tobacco Strategy 2004-2009 has built on the accomplishments of the old National trust 1999 to 2003-04, Much has been achieved by the actions of the province and district authoritiess since the early 1980s and more than 30 old ages of candidacy by non-government bureaus b ut there is still the demand for farther betterments. It was merely until 15 old ages ago ; publicities of baccy merchandises were legion. Many immature people were invariably shown legion advertizements which portrayed smoke to be merriment and made you look sophisticated. Even though the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 ( CDHA 2003 ) has enormously reduced advertisement through the media, many makers still continue to advance their baccy merchandises through many popular locales such as dark nines. It was merely late that the act has been reviewed and many amendments have been proposed to greatly implement limitations on current and lifting signifiers of advertisement. Adding more financess on Quit Smoking runs would assist to promote more people to discontinue smoke. This will besides increase the gross revenues of many pharmaceutical companies by promoting people to utilize their merchandises that improve the rate of people who chose to discontinue smoke. Many behavioral support services such as the state quitline now operate in many province and district but will necessitate to hold increased support if it is to manage an increasing demand from referrals from wellness professionals ; it besides needs to increase publicity in the media. Even thought there are around 80,000 people who call the Quitline in 2003 ( Kriven S, 2003 ) , but this lone nowadays a little sum of Australian tobacco users but this would besides increase if it is promoted even more. Records of baccy excise responsibility payments suggest that baccy ingestion in Australia has fallen well over the past 30 old ages since the debut of baccy control policies Among big males, smoking prevalence dropped from 45 % in 1974 to around 27 % in the late ninetiess ; among females it fell from 30 % to 23 % ( Scollo, M VCTC ) . Smoking among secondary school pupils in Australia began to worsen in the late 1980s ; it increased once more in the early to mid-1990s and declined once more at the terminal of the last decennary. The smoke around non-smokers has besides dropped significantly, with more and more workplaces censoring smoke at work. Scollo M. Annual per capita ingestion in Australia, 1903 to 2001-02. VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, Melbourne, 2003. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vctc.org.au/tcres/PublicConsumptionEstimatesAus1901to2002.xls. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 Issues Paper. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2003. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/strateg/drugs/tobacco/ consult/index.htm on August 2003. Th vitamin E Cancer Council Australia. Review of the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act: entry on behalf of Australian wellness administrations. 2003, Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Wakefi eld M, Freeman J, and Donovan R. Recall and response of tobacco users and recent quitters to the Australian National Tobacco Campaign. Tob Control. 2003 ; 12: ( Suppl 2 ) : II15-II22 Scollo M. Towards an Australian national policy for the intervention of dependance on tobacco-delivered nicotine. 2003, Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Kriven S. Estimate of calls to the Quitline, 2003, personal communicating. 2004, Tobacco Control Research and Evaluation: Adelaide.